市政污泥耦合燃煤电厂发电关键因素分析与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.10.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析市政污泥耦合燃煤电厂发电的政策形势和应用现状,总结市政污泥耦合燃煤电厂发电工艺流程中的关键因素,包括含水率、热值、含砂率、污泥干化和耦合焚烧过程中重金属、二噁英等污染物的产生和抑制方法,并对比各种市政污泥深度脱水及干化工艺的优缺点。对煤粉锅炉和循环流化床锅炉耦合市政污泥的技术路线进行对比,进而分析了耦合污泥对不同炉型发电工艺的影响。研究结果表明：为更好地实施市政污泥耦合燃煤发电项目,应减少污泥中的含砂量,降低干化设备和锅炉设备的磨损;同时对耦合燃烧产生的飞灰和炉渣进行实时监测和治理,减少二次污染;创新协调水务企业、燃煤发电企业、电网企业和政府关系,保证项目技术经济性。

关键词: 市政污泥, 污泥耦合发电, 二噁英, 污泥直接掺烧, 耦合掺烧, 循环流化床锅炉

Abstract:

By analyzing the policies and application status of municipal sludge combustion technology coupled with coal-fired power plants,the key factors affecting the co-combustion technology can be summarized as water content,calorific value,sand content, sludge drying and suppression methods for heavy metals,dioxins and other pollutants generated from the co-combustion process.The advantages and disadvantages of various deep dehydration and drying processes for municipal sludge are compared.The technical routes of municipal sludge combustion respectively coupled with pulverized coal boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers are compared,and the influences of sludge' coupling on different boilers' power generation processes are analyzed.The results show that,to implement the projects of municipal sewage sludge combustion coupled with coal-fired power plants effectively,the sand content in sludge should be reduced in order to alleviate the wear of drying equipment and boilers.Meanwhile,the fly ash and slag produced from the co-combustion should to monitored and treated to control the secondary pollution.Furthermore,innovative cooperation relationship should be built between water services companied,coal-fired power plants,power grid enterprises and government sectors,to ensure the technical and economic performances of the projects.

Key words: municipal sludge, power generation coupling sludge combustion, dioxins, co-combustion of dried sludge, circulating fluidized bed boiler

中图分类号:

陈全喜, 付江涛. 市政污泥耦合燃煤电厂发电关键因素分析与展望[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(10): 50-60.

CHEN Quanxi, FU Jiangtao. Analysis and prospect of key factors affecting the coupling of municipal sludge combustion and coal-fired power plants[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(10): 50-60.

图/表 11

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表4

市政污泥耦合燃煤电厂发电技术经济性对比

项目	污泥直接掺烧	直接干化耦合掺烧	间接干化耦合掺烧
干化热源	无要求	锅炉空气预热器前高温烟气、低温排烟或人造热风	电厂饱和蒸汽、导热油、热空气
工艺流程	湿污泥直接输送至煤场,与煤混合后进入破碎机（循化流化床）或磨煤机（煤粉炉）。工艺流程相对简单、可靠	污泥干燥工艺相对复杂,尾气处理工艺复杂,热源选择较灵活。干化污泥直接送入磨煤机或煤场	间接干化装置要求较高,需防止蒸汽凝结水污染。干化污泥直接送入磨煤机或煤场
技术优势	(1)技术最直接、简单; (2)投资少、建设快、运行成本低; (3)避免产生恶臭气体; (4)利用锅炉污染物脱除系统可完全满足污泥掺烧后的排放标准	(1)降低干化过程中污泥爆炸的风险; (2)炉膛高温环境可消解污泥中有毒有害物质和干化过程中产生的废气; (3)利用锅炉污染物脱除系统可完全满足污泥掺烧后的排放标准	(1)污泥掺烧量可调、实现规模化应用; (2)炉膛高温环境可消解污泥中有毒有害物质和干化过程中产生的废气; (3)利用锅炉污染物脱除系统可完全满足污泥掺烧后的排放标准
存在问题	掺烧污泥量较少;易出现由于掺混不均导致制粉系统堵塞或者干燥出力不足;湿污泥露天堆放或长时间堆放可能会散发臭气,造成掺混环境恶劣	掺烧污泥量介于直掺和间接干化之间;抽取高温烟气会对锅炉热效率产生负面影响;需设置完善的尾气处理系统	系统较复杂;需设置完善的干化尾气处理系统
专用设备	湿污泥储存仓,液压输送设备,槽罐车	污泥直接干化装置,储存仓	污泥间接干化装置,储存仓
入炉污泥	含水率80%,热值较低	含水率10%~40%可调,热值较高	含水率10%~40%可调,热值较高
环保排放	炉床温度较低,可能产生二噁英,环保风险高	污泥中随水分蒸发携带的H₂S,NH₃,CH₄S和C₂H₆S,水蒸气等废气,需完善的尾气处理设施	污泥干化过程中,水分冷凝后残余的不凝气可以使用送风机送入炉膛中进行焚烧,但会降低锅炉效率
适用炉型	CFB锅炉、回转窑	适用于绝大部分锅炉	适用于绝大部分锅炉
初期投资	低	中等	较高
运行费用	低	中等	高

表4

图7

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污泥类型		含水率
栅渣		80
沉渣		60
浮渣		95~97
腐殖污泥		96~98
初沉池污泥		95~97
混凝污泥		93
活性污泥	空气曝气	98~99
活性污泥	纯氧曝气	96~98
生物滴滤池污泥	慢速滤池	93
生物滴滤池污泥	快速滤池	97
厌氧消化污泥	初沉池污泥	85~90
厌氧消化污泥	活性污泥	90~94

指标	干化市政污泥	煤
含水率/%	5.3	7.8
灰分/%	33.0	4.9
ω（C)/%	28.9	64.2
ω（H)/%	4.4	4.6
ω（N)/%	4.1	2.2
ω（O)/%	20.2	22.2
热值/(MJ·kg^-1)	12.83	23.53

元素	干化市政污泥	煤
As	38.00±0.50	1.83±0.54
Ba	266±49	376±74
Cd	2.30±1.70	0.21±0.07
Cr	143±30	24±2
Co	9.6±2.3	6.0±1.1
Cu	283±45	25±3
Hg	0.850±0.130	0.058
Ni	51.0±14.0	17.3±3.0
Mn	396±66	176±9
Pb	32±8	34±4
Sb	3.30±1.00	1.67±0.38
Se	<1.3	2.4±0.8
Sr	120±19	85±7
Ti	2 743.00±38.00	0.33±0.08
Zn	556±90	43±10