面向零售侧的点对点交易体系：概念、国际经验与相关启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在落实“双碳”目标,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统下,供需双侧预计将面临深刻变化。一方面,风电、光伏等新能源大规模接入,新能源开发呈现集中式与分布式并举的局面;另一方面,分布式产消者不断涌现,推动全新的市场交易需求与商业模式出现。为适应新能源高效消纳、挖掘分布式电源价值、充分激发供需双方交易积极性,面向零售侧的点对点直接交易模式应运而生。提出一种面向零售侧的点对点交易体系,阐述了其概念与特征,与传统批发市场及虚拟电厂的联系与区别。通过对比分析国外面向零售侧的点对点交易的具体实践,总结了当下推进点对点交易的若干关键瓶颈问题,并从我国目前电力体制改革现状出发提出相关建议。

关键词: 新型电力系统, 零售侧, 点对点交易, 交易机制, 分布式发电, 电力体制改革, 碳中和, 区块链

Abstract:

The supply side and demand side of the new power system taking new energy as its main body are going through profound changes.On one hand,as large-scale renewable energy such as wind and solar power has been connected to the power system,new energy can be consumed in centralized or distributed mode.On the other hand,the emergence of mounting distributed energy prosumers is advancing the construction of new trades mechanisms and business models.To promote the consumption of renewable energies,explore the value of distributed energy sources and motivate the participators on supply and demand side,a peer-to-peer trading mode on retail side has been proposed. The corresponding concept and characteristics the trading mode,as well as its relation with and difference from traditional wholesale market and virtual power plants are illustrated.By analyzing domestic and overseas peer-to-peer trading systems,critical hinders in advancing the peer-to peer trading have been summarized.Moreover,relevant suggestions are also put forward based on the current situation of the power system reform in China.

Key words: new power system, retail side, peer-to-peer trading, trade mechanism, distribution power generation, power system reform, carbon neutrality, blockchain

中图分类号:

TK01：F407.61

尚楠, 黄国日. 面向零售侧的点对点交易体系：概念、国际经验与相关启示[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2022, 44(2): 49-59.

SHANG Nan, HUANG Guori. Peer-to-peer trading system on retail side：Concept,international experience and suggestions[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2022, 44(2): 49-59.

图/表 2

图1

表1

国外点对点交易试点商业模式对比

项目	价值定位	关键业务	盈利模式	成本支出
美国TransActive Grid	促使社区内用户可以在平台上开展高频次、小规模的能源交易,为居民等提供收入来源,激励消费者投资、使用分布式能源	市场信息披露、本地能源价格跟踪、交易结算、智能电表安装维护等	智能电表安装费,平台使用/接入服务费、计量设备的维护费用等	平台开发运维成本、平台资质获得成本、配套设备安装运维成本等
瑞士Walenstadt	构建基于区块链的社区能源系统运行方式	电能计量、信息披露、能源价格跟踪、组织拍卖交易、提供个性化服务、智能电表安装维护等	平台接入服务费、能源产品交易中间费、售电套餐服务费等	平台开发维护成本、平台资质获得成本、配套设备安装运维成本等
德国Sonnen	使得社区内的任何市场主体均可享有使用其余社区成员富余电能资源的权利	富余发电资源整合分配服务;虚拟能源池的安装、维护、运维服务等	19.99欧元/月会员费、电池销售费用、潜在的附加产品费等	平台开发维护成本、储能（电池）设备投资运维费用、配套设备安装运维成本等
英国Piclo	为用户提供与本地可再生能源开展直接交易的服务,且根据市场主体偏好进行需求匹配	合同签订服务、计量采集服务、发用电需求收集服务、交易匹配出清服务、费用结算服务等	用户接入平台费、电力零售商许可证费用等	平台开发维护成本、平台资质获得成本、配套设备安装运维成本等
澳大利亚Power Ledger	为用户和电能供应商提供去中心化、信息透明、自动化的交易机制和出清平台	资源整合分配、基于智能合约的即时结算、数据计量、代币体系运维、附加项目等管理	用户接入平台费、潜在的附加产品费等	平台开发维护成本、平台资质获得成本、配套设备安装运维成本等

表1

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