基于微波热解技术制备生物炭的研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.05.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着社会和经济的发展，农林废弃物、生活垃圾、市政污泥及其他有机固体废弃物的无害化处理受到广泛关注。有机固体废弃物中含有大量碳源，通常的处理方法多是填埋、焚烧和作物残余物还土还田，既造成环境污染，又导致碳源资源的浪费。微波热解（MP）是一种比较新颖的生物质热解处理方式，其具有升温速率快、生物质受热均匀、加热效率高等优点。MP可能会以不同于传统管式炉加热的方式影响生物炭的性质，这是因为在不同的加热方式下，传热和传质方式是不同的。主要总结归纳了MP废弃生物质过程中得到的固体生物炭的性质，包括MP方式及特点的描述，对比不同生物质在不同的微波功率和温度影响下，其热解产物的分布和产率变化。着重比较了不同废弃生物质原料经MP后所得生物炭的形貌差异、生物炭表面官能团变化、生物炭孔结构和比表面积的差异、生物炭中各元素的变化及生物炭热稳定性，以及微波生物炭和常规生物炭的差异。

关键词: 固体废弃生物质, 微波热解, 形貌, 表面官能团, 孔结构, 生物炭热稳定性, 碳源资源

Abstract:

With the development of society and economy， the biosafety treatment of agricultural and forestry waste， household waste， municipal sludge and other organic solid waste has attracted wide attention in recent years. Traditional treatments such as landfill ， incineration and crop residue burying are not eco-friendly. Since there are abundant carbon sources in solid wastes， traditional treatments will lead to carbon source loss. Microwave pyrolysis （MP） is an innovative biomass pyrolysis technology with advantages of fast heating rate， uniform heating on biomass and high heating efficiency. MP can affect the properties of biomass in a different way that conventional tube furnace heating does because their heat and mass transfer methods are different. This study summarizes the properties of the solid biochar derived from the MP of disposed biomass and different ways of MP， and compares the product compositions and product yields varying with raw materials， microwave power and temperature. And the research lays focus on the comparison of the morphology， surface functional group， pore structure， specific surface area， element content and thermal stability of biochar obtained from different biomass processed by MP. Finally， the biochar made by MP and conventional method are compared.

Key words: solid waste biomass, microwave pyrolysis, morphology, surface functional group, pore structure, thermal stability of biochar, carbon source

中图分类号:

TK01

蒋雨辰, 李清扬, 胡勋. 基于微波热解技术制备生物炭的研究进展[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(5): 46-62.

JIANG Yuchen, LI Qingyang, HU Xun. Research progress of biochar prepared by microwave pyrolysis technology[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(5): 46-62.

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原料	微波功率/W	温度/℃	生物炭/%	生物油/%	气体/%
straw^[11]	1 200	200	33.70	28.7	37.6
willow^[11]	1 200	170	27.30	42.2	30.5
malaysian wood^[30]	1 000	800	21.80	26.2	52.0
rubber wood^[30]	1 000	800	21.40	19.1	59.5
corn stover^[31]	500	522	15.00	12.0	73.0
oil palm shell^[32]	600	900	26.00	39.0	35.0
moso bamboo^[33]	800	650	18.00	35.0	47.0
chlorella^[34]	—	900	28.40	14.7	56.9
corn stover^[35]	500	—	19.00	18.0	63.0
wheat straw^[36]	800	—	27.40	26.1	46.5
cordgrass^[37]	700	650	26.70	28.0	45.3
food waste^[38]	300	—	81.60	11.9	6.5
cellulose^[39]	300	200~280	35.00~70.00	45.0~52.0	5.0~35.0
palm kernel shell^[40]	100~1 000	—	40.00	—	—
tarfaya oil shale^[41]	300~600	—	—	5.6~4.2	9.3~14.2
pine wood sawdust^[42]	1 000	470	17.30~40.30	16.0~26.0	36.0~60.0
core derived plastic bags^[43]	1 200~3 000	345~535	11.10~32.70	22.3~47.6	28.7~46.2
waste multilayer packaging beverage^[44]	3 000	345~600	28.70~43.30	31.1~60.6	9.0~42.5
oil palm shell^[45]	450	500~650	26.00~42.00	20.0~28.0	37.0~46.0
cornstalk bale^[46]	334~668	—	—	—	50.0
douglas fir^[47]	700	315~485	—	12.5~48.1	11.8~57.5
rice straw^[48]	300~500	—	26.00~31.00	50.0	18.0~26.0
sewage sludge and rice straw^[49]	100~400	—	38.71~77.75	—	—
polystyrenee^[50]	2 000	—	19.00	71.0	9.0
sugarcane bagasse^[51]	—	550	61.90~83.20	14.4~22.0	2.4~16.1

原料	微波功率/W	温度/℃	比表面积/(m²·g^-1)	孔容积/(cm³·g^-1)
straw^[11]	1 200	200	1.1	0.37
willow^[11]	1 200	170	3.9	2.10
malaysian wood^[30]	1 000	800	350.9	0.19
rubber wood^[30]	1 000	800	238.6	0.16
sludge^[54]	1 200	—	459.0	0.23
spruce sawdust^[71]	400	—	341.0	0.19
tobacco straw^[56]	—	550	9.9	0.03
cotton stalk^[27]	600	700	94.5	0.21
flavedo^[29]	700	—	1 015.0	0.50
wheat straw^[36]	600	—	32.0	0.03
moso bamboo^[72]	800	—	10.5	0.02
pecan shell^[62]	400	—	306.0	0.18
waste oil^[73]	—	—	124.0	0.13
washed rice husk^[74]	—	—	267.8	0.20
washed and pretreated rice husk^[74]	—	—	157.8	0.13
rice straw^[49]	—	—	93.0~122.2	0.06~0.08
wheat straw^[75]	—	—	7.0~128.7	0.01~0.09
rice husk^[74]	—	—	217.0	0.13
pretreated rice husk^[74]	—	—	187.7	0.13
sewage sludge^[49]	—	—	24.8~51.5	0.02~0.03
rice straw^[76]	—	—	31.6~122.2	0.03~0.08

原料	微波功率/W	温度/℃	w(C)/%	w(H)/%	w(N)/%	w(O)/%
oil palm shell^[32]	600	900	72.2	1.20	0.60	18.7
oil shale^[83]	600	520	83.8	8.90	1.20	2.6
malaysian wood^[30]	1 000	800	89.3	1.20	0.34	9.2
rubber wood^[30]	1 000	800	88.9	0.38	0.49	9.8
cornstalk^[60]	900	—	74.3	1.90	0.35	23.5
polystyrene^[84]	2 000	—	96.2	0.52	0.13	—
paper^[84]	2 000	—	92.2	2.00	0.21	—
cotton stalk^[27]	600	700	43.5	6.40	0.62	42.9
meat^[84]	2 000	—	91.7	1.60	2.00	—
straw^[85]	—	800	64.7	0.50	0.80	1.5
municipalsolid waste^[85]	—	800	21.1	0.20	0.80	0.9
pecan shell^[62]	400	—	82.0	1.30	0.10	16.7
waste oil^[73]	—	—	86.3	4.00	0.20	9.0
rice husk^[74]	—	—	44.7	1.80	0.73	7.7
pretreated rice husk^[74]	—	—	48.9	1.90	0.90	6.1
packaging beverage^[44]	—	—	66.0	1.00	0.50	—
waste tires^[76]	—	—	82.3~92.0	0.32~3.20	0.00~0.78	—
pine sawdust^[75]	—	—	89.4~93.1	0.98~2.50	0.14~0.24	5.5~7.7
prosopis africana shell^[86]	—	—	70.8	4.70	1.60	22.9
wood^[87]	—	—	59.3~63.9	5.80~7.20	2.30~2.40	28.0~32.0
washed rice husk^[74]	—	—	44.4	1.80	0.80	8.9
washed and pretreated rice husk^[74]	—	—	46.0	2.00	0.80	9.5
sewage sludge and rice straw^[49]	—	—	—	—	—	—
wheat straw^[75]	—	—	46.9~64.6	0.80~2.10	0.53~1.32	26.4~45.9
waste tire^[88]	—	—	85.0~87.7	8.50~11.80	0.02~0.76	—