Application status and perspectives of air-source heat pump air conditioning technology

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.11.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Air source heat pump air conditioning systems are widely used in heating, hot water supply and drying,due to their advantages of high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection. Researches on the circulation construction, defrosting mechanism and control strategy of the air conditioning system are made at home and abroad,and the advantages and disadvantages of the various technologies are analyzed. The typical application scenarios of air source heat pump air conditioning systems in different industries are introduced,and attention is paid to the contributions to "coal-to-electricity" projects in northern China made by the systems. The COP of the system can reach 2.13, which indicates a significant energy saving. Finally, the challenges faced by the promotion of air source heat pump air conditioners are illustrated, including deficient policy and low public acceptance. Corresponding improvement should be made on the components, cycles, defrosting and control mechanisms. Moreover, the further advancement for the system can made by integrating thermal storage, big data and artificial intelligence technologies, which will facilitate the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality under the new situation.

Key words: carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, air-source heat pump air conditioning, circulation construction, defrosting, coal-to-electricity, heat storage, big data, artificial intelligence, energy saving and emission reduction

CLC Number:

TU831.4

CHEN Jianyong, LI Hao, CHEN Ying, ZHAO Jun. Application status and perspectives of air-source heat pump air conditioning technology[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(11): 25-39.

Figures/Tables 20

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Problems and solutions of the low-temperature air source heat pump air conditioning systems

现存问题	方法和技术		控制原理
严寒地区供热量不足	设计、改良变频控制系统		耦合多级、多源系统,同时采取时间控制、制热量优先等控制方式提升系统能效
严寒地区供热量不足	三缸压缩机变容量控制技术		根据环境温度调控变容控制部件的开启/关闭,实现最优容积比匹配
压缩机频繁启停	基于控制回风温度策略和能耗控制策略		根据环境条件及能耗控制策略等控制压缩机启停间隔
空气源热泵空调除霜^[26]	直接除霜	显微成像技术	通过显微摄像机拍摄结霜图像,再利用图像处理技术输出霜层厚度
		激光测厚技术	通过激光位移传感器测量霜层厚度
		千分测厚技术	利用千分测厚仪直接测量霜层厚度
		探针-测微仪测厚技术	利用探针观测霜层表面的微观形貌
		光电耦合技术	利用光电技术判断换热器表面是否结霜
	间接除霜	定时除霜法	设定除霜周期定时除霜
		温度除霜法	通过测量换热器表面温度判定是否需要除霜
		温度-时间除霜法	耦合换热器表面温度及运行时间控制除霜节点
		湿度-温度时间除霜法	在温度-时间基础上考虑湿度对除霜时间的影响,耦合3个参数控制
		空气压差除霜法	通过测量工质侧空气侧压差判断是否需要除霜
		最大平均供热能力除霜控制法	以热泵工质所提供的平均供热能力达到最大时开始除霜
		制冷剂过热度	通过测量制冷剂出口过热度判定是否需要除霜
	智能除霜	自适应模糊控制法	对输入变量模糊化处理及模糊推理,判断控制规则是否有效,对结霜控制进行适应性调节
	智能除霜	人工神经网络控制法	基于试验数据中关于结霜的变量,建立变量间的非线性关系,进而实现合理的除霜控制

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循环形式	高压压缩机功率/kW	低压压缩机功率/kW	高压压缩机排气温度/℃	理论COP	蒸发器冷负荷/kW
一级节流中间完全冷却	1.645	0.992	94.03	1.896 1	3.204
一级节流中间不完全冷却	1.603	0.998	110.90	1.922 0	3.229
两级节流中间完全冷却	1.645	1.085	94.03	1.831 7	3.592
两级节流中间不完全冷却	1.587	0.982	110.51	1.946 4	3.251

循环系统类型		优点	缺点	适宜运行工况
准二级压缩热泵系统	带过冷器	结构简单	分流比需要严格控制	在-30 ℃的低温环境下,可取代双级压缩系统
准二级压缩热泵系统	带闪发器	低温时制热性能优于带过冷器的系统	分流比需要严格控制	寒冷地区小型空气源热泵空调的较佳选择
双级压缩热泵系统	带中间冷却器	排气温度较低,系统适应性提高	运行范围相对较小	应用于蒸发温度和冷凝温度相差较大的工况
双级压缩热泵系统	带经济器	排气温度不高,系统COP提高	逆循环除霜有一定的局限性	在-15 ℃的低温环境下,性能优于准二级压缩热泵系统
复叠式压缩热泵系统		采用2种不同的制冷剂,在各自较好的范围工作	COP相对较低,难以部分负荷运行	特定设计工况
多源耦合热泵循环		可实现不同工况下的更优匹配,应用范围更广	部分多源热泵初投资较高	严寒地区,单一热源受限工况
空气源热泵空调-蓄热/冷系统		保障低温运行效率,解决结霜问题,调节电力负荷	初投资相对较高	低温地区

除霜方法		优点	缺点	具体方式和原理
外加能量	电加热	简单	能耗增大	在膨胀阀和蒸发器间增设电加热器,除霜时开启电加热器
	外加电/磁场	系统稳定性好,不影响室内供热	系统复杂,成本高	利用外场影响水分子排布、霜层生长等,使冷壁面形成霜晶并掉落
	超声波	效率高,制热不间断	振动大	干扰早期的霜晶体生长,起到抑制结霜的效果
不需外加能量	逆循环	无需增加额外的设备	室内舒适性降低	利用四通换向阀将室外机变成冷凝器进行除霜
	蓄热	恢复正常制热速度快,可靠性高	蓄热阶段可能影响制热效果	在压缩机出口或膨胀阀前设置蓄热装置,为除霜提供热源
	热气旁通	可保证室内的舒适性	出现液击的风险变大,除霜时间长	压缩机与室外换热器之间设置旁通,使压缩机排气直接进入室外换热器进行除霜
冷壁面改性	疏水涂层	霜晶核生成时间相对较晚	在大规模应用还不成熟,成本高	疏水涂层应用仿生学,减少霜层厚度
改变空气因素	降低水蒸气比例	有效抑制霜层的形成	系统体积庞大、控制复杂	外机进口气体通过吸附床来降低相对湿度和采用亲水涂层等

节能措施	原理和特点	实施案例
系统改进	对于电动汽车,减少空调系统蓄电池输出的电功率	电动热泵式空调系统、电动压缩式制冷-电加热采暖空调系统、余热空调及复合热泵空调系统以及储能式空调系统
高效压缩机	涡旋压缩机结构简单、体积小、质量小、流动损失小;转速调节范围大,效率变化不大	摇板式压缩机、斜板式压缩机、变排量压缩机、外部控制阀、内部控制阀等
换热器	换热器要能满足车内热湿负荷波动较大的要求,要有更高的单位体积换热量,具有抗震性、密封性	管翅式换热器、管带式换热器、板翅式换热器、微通道换热器等
自动控制系统及人机交互	平衡汽车空调复杂功能与易用性之间的关系,为用户提供复杂但易用的空调控制界面,更加科学地管理空调系统运行	经济模式（ECO）控制、启停功能控制等节能控制技术;外控变排量压缩机、同轴管等空调节能部件

项目	常见问题	节能措施
环境建筑	施工缺乏规范围护结构保温性差输送介质散热量大废弃热量大	科学规范施工要求使用中空玻璃门窗,管道包裹保温材料,加强保温性能增强建筑通风效果,构建主动式暖通空调系统合理优化通风布局,调节新风量,减少能耗
系统设计	新技术推广不足部件层面上的研发不足适应室外环境变化的能力不足空调系统缺乏维护,使用寿命降低	推广变频技术、变容量调节等节能技术开发高效节能部件,优化换热器结构设计采用复合系统,分时段切换冷源系统运行模式采用空调系统全生命周期管理,定期检修系统因地制宜,采用新风回风混合、电加热辅助稳定室外工况等措施提高系统运行效率
智能控制	制造成本高智能化水平整体偏低信息安全风险高平台之间不能互联互通	完善生产工艺,调研市场用户需求加强智能技术的开发解决终端应用程序（APP）的信息漏洞、加强口令及密码次数限制、提高敏感信息存储安全厂家加强合作,减少平台开发的资源浪费