Fuzzy active disturbance rejection control of PEMFC air intake unit based on snake optimization algorithm

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.06.007

Abstract

Abstract:

The strong coupling between air flow and pressure in proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFC） results in poor output stability and slow response speed of cell systems. To address these issues，an improved active disturbance rejection control （ADRC） strategy incorporating snake optimization algorithm and fuzzy control was proposed based on the feedforward compensation decoupling structure of the air supply system. The state-space equations of the air supply system were established based on the feedforward compensation decoupling structure. A coupling matrix between flow and pressure was derived which was designed to eliminate the coupling between air flow and pressure. For the improved ADRC design，the feedback control law gain was divided into two parts： the first part was coarsely adjusted using fuzzy control，and the parameters for the second part of state observer gain and feedback control law gain were precisely tuned using the improved snake optimization algorithm. The improved snake optimization algorithm incorporated the chaotic mapping strategy using sequence-based particle swarm optimization method （SPM） for population initialization，enhancing population diversity. Dynamic inertia weights and triangular walk strategy addressed limitations such as slow optimization speed during the early exploration phase. Lens imaging and greedy combination strategies expanded the search range and prevented the algorithm from falling into local optima. A 3 kW fuel cell system was built to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The experimental results showed that the proposed strategy achieved excellent control performance in terms of parameter decoupling and setpoint tracking. The strategy significantly reduced the overshoot，settling time，and oscillations，improving the response speed and dynamic performance of fuel cell system.

Key words: hydrogen energy, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, air supply system, fuzzy feedforward decoupling, active disturbance rejection control, snake optimization algorithm, renewable energy, control strategy, oxygen excess ratio

CLC Number:

TM912

LI Xiaoning, SUN Na, HUANG Amin, DONG Haiying. Fuzzy active disturbance rejection control of PEMFC air intake unit based on snake optimization algorithm[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(6): 57-73.

Figures/Tables 33

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Table 4

Benchmarking functions

基准函数	维度（D）	仿真结果	曲线类型
$F 1 x = ∑ i = 1 D x i + 0.5 2$	30	[-100，100]	单峰
$F 2 x = i x i 4 + r a n d$	30	[-1.28，1.28]	单峰
$F 3 x = - 20 e x p - 0.2 1 D ∑ i = 1 D x i 2 - e x p - 0.2 1 D ∑ i = 1 D x i 2$	30	[-32，32]	多峰
$F 4 x = π D 10 s i n 2 π y 1 + ∑ i = 1 D y i - 1 2 ⋅ 1 + 10 s i n 2 π y i + 1 + y D - 1 2 + ∑ i = 1 D u x i, 10,100,4$	30	[-50，50]	多峰

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Table 7

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E	ΔE
E	NL	NM	NS	ZE	PS	PM	PL
NL	PL/NL	PM/NL	PM/NM	PS/NM	PS/NS	ZE/ZE	ZE/ZE
NM	PM/NL	PM/NL	PS/NM	PS/NS	ZE/NS	ZE/ZE	NS/ZE
NS	PM/NL	PS/NM	PS/NS	ZE/NS	ZE/ZE	NS/PS	NM/PS
ZE	PM/NM	PS/NM	PS/NS	ZE/ZE	NS/PS	NS/PM	NM/PM
PS	PL/NM	PS/NS	ZE/ZE	NS/PS	NS/PS	NS/PM	NM/PL
PM	PS/ZE	ZE/ZE	NS/PS	NS/PS	NS/PM	NM/PL	NM/PL
PL	ZE/ZE	NS/ZE	NS/PS	NS/PM	NM/PM	NM/PL	NL/PL

项目	空气流量		空气压力
项目	OS/%	AT/s	AT/s
解耦前	26.91	5.28	14.07
PI解耦	3.74	6.03	13.36
fuzzyPI 解耦	2.31	1.75	9.67

项目		基准测试函数
项目		F₁	F₂	F₃	F₄
PSO	平均值	2.157×10^-5	1.046×10^-1	5.439×10^-3	7.574×10^-6
	最优值	1.054×10^-6	1.829×10^-2	3.382×10^-4	5.129×10^-8
	标准差	3.754×10^-5	2.785×10^-2	7.143×10^-3	6.729×10^-6
SO	平均值	3.057×10^-2	4.527×10^-3	5.147×10^-13	6.754×10^-4
	最优值	1.276×10^-3	2.711×10^-4	4.441×10^-15	9.389×10^-6
	标准差	1.056×10^-2	3.480×10^-3	3.724×10^-13	4.623×10^-4
ISO	平均值	9.473×10^-8	5.267×10^-4	5.178×10^-14	7.442×10^-9
	最优值	3.181×10^-9	3.377×10^-5	8.882×10^-16	9.521×10^-11
	标准差	5.418×10^-8	3.713×10^-4	4.135×10^-14	4.176×10^-9

参数	下界	上界
β₀₁	0	300
β₀₂	300	1 000
β₀₃	1 000	5 000
β₁	0	300
β₂	0	300

控制变量	控制方法	OS		AT/s
控制变量	控制方法	流量/%	压力/V	流量	压力
空气流量、压力解耦	未解耦	26.91	0	5.280 0	14.07
	PI	3.74	0	6.030 0	13.36
	Fuzzy-PI	2.31	0	1.750 0	9.67
恒定OER	PID	24.79		2.436 2
	fuzzyADRC	20.21		4.748 5
	ISO-fuzzyADRC	10.06		0.514 6
变OER	PID	6.17		16.471 4
	fuzzyADRC	2.05		11.427 5
	ISO-fuzzyADRC	0		7.103 6
Δp_ca	PID	13.98		7.375 8
	fuzzyADRC	0		4.937 6
	ISO-fuzzyADRC	5.07		1.428 5