Integrated Intelligent Energy

Impact factor analysis and forecasting of the carbon emissions from industries based on LMDI method under multiple uncertainties： The case of Suzhou City

WANG Sheng, TAN Jian, MA Yahui, ZOU Fenghua

2022, 44(2): 1-7. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.001

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To achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality, accurately measuring the carbon emissions, analyzing the composition and comprehensively studying the trend of carbon emissions from industries are the foundation of scientifically formulating policies on city development planning. The Kaya equation is reformulated by taking industrial structure, energy consumption composition and the influence of power from outside into account. And the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index （LMDI） decomposition method is taken to analyze the impact factors on carbon emissions. The models for multiple uncertainties of carbon emission impact factors are set up based on the box-type uncertainty set. Then, a Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology （STIRPAT） model is construct after optimization, and a forecasting method for carbon emissions is made by solving the optimized model based on the uncertain set. Finally, the proposed method is validated by using large-scale industries in Suzhou as examples, and political suggestions are proposed.

Operation characteristics of user-side resources with energy storage function

ZHAO Jianli, TANG Zhuofan, WANG Guilin, CHEN Yuyang, WANG Weidong, CHEN Ke, WU Yingjun

2022, 44(2): 8-14. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.002

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With the intensification of the contradiction between power supply and demand,it has become a hot topic to improve the stability of power system by integrating the load on demand side into power system regulation and control.Taking batteries,flywheels and electric vehicles,three load side devices with energy storage function,as study objects,their charge-discharge models and energy storage loss models are established respectively.According to the results obtained through physical tests and software simulation,the operation characteristics of batteries,flywheels and electric vehicles are analyzed.Their typical applicable scenarios are summarized according to their operational characteristics with different loads,which provides reference for the following study on the participation of user-side resources with energy storage function in demand response.

GRU neural network load modeling based on community division

ZHAO Shengjun, ZHANG Kaipeng, FU Xinquan, SI YingLian, LIU Zhidong, ZHOU Dengyu

2022, 44(2): 15-20. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.003

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The extensive access of distributed power supplies increases the complexity of power distribution networks,resulting in the difficulty of the description by load models.In addition,modeling for the whole distribution network and each node in it is inapplicable for the ever-expanding distribution network.Therefore,a Gated Recurrent Unit （GRU） neural network load modeling method based on community division is proposed.Firstly,the GN algorithm is used to partition the topology of the distribution network.Then,load model for each community is constructed based on GRU neural network,in which degree centrality is introduced into the input feature vectors to measure the importance of nodes in the network topology.Finally,modeling analysis is carried out on a 10 kV distribution network.The results show that the proposed modelling mothed is of higher accuracy and computational efficiency.

Adaptive voltage regulation strategy for inverter air conditioners considering the regulation capacity on user side

HUA Yongzhu, XIE Qiangqiang, QIN Huibin, SHAO Lihuan, CUI Jiadong

2022, 44(2): 21-28. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.004

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High penetration access of distributed renewable energy and the popularization of electric vehicles have led to voltage quality problems such as over-voltage, under-voltage and voltage fluctuation in the distribution network. As a common flexible load, the inverter air conditioner （AC） can change its operating power, provide voltage regulation service for distribution network and improve the voltage quality of distribution network. However, it is necessary to consider the voltage regulation capacity on user side as providing voltage regulation service for distribution network. Therefore, an adaptive voltage regulation strategy considering the regulation capacity on user side of inverter AC is proposed. The compensation power is controlled by calculating the voltage regulation result at each node, and the voltage regulation potential of ACs can be evaluated by the AC thermoelectric equivalent model which is established to describe the dynamic characteristics of the indoor temperature. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed regulation strategy, the adaptive voltage regulation strategy of inverter ACs will be simulated in an IEEE 33 node distribution system. In the regulation process, the regulation capacity on user side is considered. The simulation results show that the proposed adaptive voltage regulation strategy of inverter ACs can reduce the compensation power required for regulation without over-voltage and under-voltage events,which gives full play to the voltage regulation potential of ACs.

Post-disaster restoration strategy of power distribution systems based on topology reconfiguration and distributed generation scheduling

WANG Zhuorong, SHI Qingxin

2022, 44(2): 29-34. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.005

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A post-disaster restoration（PDR）strategy is proposed to enhance the resilience of power system against extreme weather.Under the N-k fault scenarios,a cooperative dispatching model of topological reconfiguration and distributed generators（DGs）is established to minimize the load-shedding cost due to disasters.The PDR strategy model characterizes the radial topological constraints,DG scheduling constraints and system power flow constraints in fault scenarios as a set of mix integer linear equations.The proposed method fully considers the operating characteristics of dispatchable DGs,non-dispatchable DGs and shunt capacitors.Finally,the proposed PDR strategy is validated by an IEEE 33-bus system in serious fault scenarios.

Study on optimal operation of the demand-side energy storage system for wind power participating in electricity market

GUAN Xin, CHEN Tao, GAO Ciwei

2022, 44(2): 35-41. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.006

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With the rapid development of the power industry,renewable energy sources are gradually connected to the grid on a large scale.Since the development of thermal power units is limited by severe pollution problems,the proportion of renewable energy in the power generation mix gets increased to a certain extent.Wind power generation,while reducing pollution and improving system economy,has problems in practice,such as randomness and intermittency.And its large-scale application is restricted by the uncertainty of wind power output and the high cost of energy storage systems.The strategy of wind power's participation in electricity market and the operation optimization of wind-energy storage systems are analyzed.The main processes are as follows.Firstly,the development background and practical importance of the subject are introduced.Subsequently,the structure and principle of the hybrid wind-storage system,and the strategy and risk factors of wind power participating in electricity market are analyzed.The hybrid wind-storage system aims at maximizing the total revenue.Taking the fluctuations of wind power output and electricity price into consideration,a target model for optimizing the demand-side energy storage system is established.Finally,based on the mathematical model,and the optimization strategy is made.

Research on optimized operation of building-type integrated energy service systems

ZHANG Aiping, ZHAO Lixing, LIU Jing

2022, 44(2): 42-48. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.007

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With the implementation of the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the integrated energy projects are booming.To deal with the strong coupling, numerous boundary constraints, volatile user load and complex operation modes of integrated energy service systems, an intelligent optimized operation and control algorithm is proposed for the systems. A load forecasting model is established by taking the collected data from source, network and load side as well as weather conditions into consideration. According to the boundary conditions,a multi-objective optimization function is established. It realizes the optimized operation of building-type integrated energy service systems under the constraints of demand and price by taking mixed particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking a demonstrative building-type integrated energy service system in an industrial park as an example, the economy of the system has been effectively improved by the optimized operation strategy with a 6.51 per cent increase of the comprehensive energy efficiency and a 2.24% decrease of the auxiliary power ratio.

Peer-to-peer trading system on retail side：Concept,international experience and suggestions

SHANG Nan, HUANG Guori

2022, 44(2): 49-59. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.008

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The supply side and demand side of the new power system taking new energy as its main body are going through profound changes.On one hand,as large-scale renewable energy such as wind and solar power has been connected to the power system,new energy can be consumed in centralized or distributed mode.On the other hand,the emergence of mounting distributed energy prosumers is advancing the construction of new trades mechanisms and business models.To promote the consumption of renewable energies,explore the value of distributed energy sources and motivate the participators on supply and demand side,a peer-to-peer trading mode on retail side has been proposed. The corresponding concept and characteristics the trading mode,as well as its relation with and difference from traditional wholesale market and virtual power plants are illustrated.By analyzing domestic and overseas peer-to-peer trading systems,critical hinders in advancing the peer-to peer trading have been summarized.Moreover,relevant suggestions are also put forward based on the current situation of the power system reform in China.

Review of optimal dispatching technology and market mechanism design for virtual power plants

ZHANG Kaijie, DING Guofeng, WEN Ming, HUI Hongxun, DING Yi, HE Min, CHU Jiefeng, XIE Kang, YU Chutian, ZHANG Lijun

2022, 44(2): 60-72. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.009

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In order to cope with the continuous aggravation of environmental pollution and increasing shortage of fossil fuels,the proportion of renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaic in power grid has been soaring.However,renewable energy power generation is intermittent and fluctuating,and its access points are scattered,which increases the difficulty of safe and stable operation of the system.Virtual power plants provide a new train of thought for the problem above.The concept and implementation architecture of a VPP are expounded.The key technologies for VPPs to participate in power system optimal operation scheduling are analyzed from three perspectives,integrated energy,electric vehicles and renewable energy.The technologies realize the interaction between electricity,heat,gas and other integrated energy, lower the operating cost of the system,alleviate the side effects of disordered charging and discharging of electric vehicles on the power grid,and suppressed the intermittent and fluctuating output of renewable energy as well.In addition,the VPP's market strategies based on game theory and other methods under market environment are analyzed.Sorting out the typical engineering applications of VPPs can provide reference for the construction and development of VPPs in China.

Hydropower generation optimization and photovoltaic generation consumption in the spot market for electricity

WANG Yizheng, HU Jiahua, TANG Qiwen, ZHAO Yiyan, SHEN Qi

2022, 44(2): 73-79. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.010

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In the construction of new power system and electricity spot market to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,hydropower plays a crucial role in boosting the flexibility of power regulation.But it might reduce the total revenue of power generation.Hydropower generation units can increase their income of power generation by optimizing the output,and strengthen the renewable energy accommodation capacity of the power grid.Taking the spot market for electricity in Zhejiang as the example,the optimal scheduling of hydropower and the consumption of photovoltaic power are studied.The characteristics of hydropower and photovoltaic power in the power spot market and their interrelationship are analyzed.Then,based on the output optimization model of a hydropower unit,an optimal power generation strategy pursuing the maximum power generation revenue under constant power generation and daily power generation capacity is made.Three settle transactions during the trial operation of the energy spot market in Zhejiang are analyzed,and corresponding suggestions for the energy spot market construction and renewable energy accommodation are put forward.

Modeling and analysis on decision making behavior of loyal users participating in demand-side response

JI Bin, SUN Hui, CHANG Li, ZHANG Dandan

2022, 44(2): 80-88. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.02.011

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With the implementation of the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality and the construction of a new energy-oriented new power system, the adjustable elastic load resources on power user side have drawn more and more attention. Power consumption is random and profit oriented, and the users tend to subjectively imitate the power consumption behaviours of other power users. It is difficult to keep the user-side market operating efficiently, orderly and fairly. The stickiness model is established based on the influence factor analysis of power user stickiness. Then, based on the aggregation modelling for the stickiness of power users in distribution networks, electric demand response mechanism and economic benefits evaluation model are established. Finally, quantitative analysis on cases verified the correctiveness and effectiveness of the pricing model stimulated by stickiness of users, which provides a reference for load-side market participants to participate in demand-side response.

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