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    25 April 2022, Volume 44 Issue 4
    Power Generation and Intelligent Control
    Research on improved fuzzy mean curve clustering method based on two-scale measurement
    CHEN Tiantian, GAO Yajing, LU Zhanhui
    2022, 44(4):  1-11.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.001
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    There are many functional data showing obvious curve features that vary with time in intelligent power networks. Curve clustering can effectively mine the data information. Aiming at the difficulty in selecting the initial clustering centre for fuzzy mean clustering algorithm and the inaccurate similarity measurement of curve clustering methods, an improved fuzzy mean curve clustering method based on two-scale metric is proposed. The longitudinal shape similarity of a curve is measured according to the Pearson distance, and the horizontal shape similarity of the curve is measured according to the dynamic time wrapping distance. Then,a density peak algorithm based on two-scale measurement is proposed to determine the initial clustering centre. The improved entropy weight method combines Pearson distance and dynamic time wrapping distance in similarity measurement of clustering algorithm. Clustering validity indexes are taken to evaluate the clustering results and algorithm performance from the aspects of clustering effect and algorithm stability. At last, taking the annual data of wind power outputs in a region as the example for clustering analysis,the results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the model and calculation method.

    Reactive power and voltage control strategy based on adaptive droop control for wind power plants
    WANG Kangping, ZHANG Xingke, LIU Caihua, SHEN Xicheng, ZHOU Xia
    2022, 44(4):  12-19.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.002
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    The grid connecting of large-scale wind farms would exert negative impacts on the security and stability of power system,mainly in terms of voltage,frequency and sub-synchronization resonance.When the system reactive power is insufficient,the wind turbine itself cannot provide enough reactive power support.Therefore,a reactive power and voltage control strategy is proposed in which converters of wind turbines adopt adaptive droop control and adjust their reactive power outputs according to their own capacities in order to support the voltage at grid connection point. To be specific,the strategy adopts maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control mode under normal circumstances to maximize the active power output.In the event of voltage over-limit at grid connection point,the converters adopt active power curtailment and the active power curtailment priority of different wind turbine is calculated in real time.The active power of the wind turbines with high priority would be adjusted at first,to meet the reactive power requirement of the system. The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective in controlling the voltage at grid connection point and preventing voltage over-limit.

    Three-level wind power AVC coordinated control strategy
    CHEN Yihui, LIN Lingqi, TIAN Xin, ZHANG Dongliang, WU Jun, LIU Zichen
    2022, 44(4):  20-27.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.003
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    In recent years, China's new energy technology has developed rapidly. Among them, power generated by grid-connected wind farms has grown rapidly. However, wind power accesses to the grid in a way of large-scale wind farm cluster, which leads to severe voltage instability and voltage over-limit at wind power grid-connected points. Automatic voltage control (AVC) system is an important technical means for reactive power voltage management, and is of great significance to the economic and stable operation of the power grid. Based on the current situation that large-scale wind power has connected to the power grid, an improved control strategy for the AVC system with wind power participation is proposed. It is a three-level wind power AVC system coordinated control strategy constructed based on a hierarchical control structure, with wind power collection stations as the intermediate co-ordination layer. The control decision is made on this layer by converting multi-unit nonlinear reactive power optimization to reactive power extreme value distribution through penalty function process. Finally, the optimal solution of reactive power is found through the proposed improved harmony search algorithm. The strategy can ensure the economic and stable operation of the power grid under the control of the AVC system.

    Simple fuzzy proportional control on DC-link voltage of active power filters
    LIANG Xiwen, WANG Yingpin, LI Lin, XIE Yunxiang
    2022, 44(4):  28-35.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.004
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    Active power filter(APF)is the most effective device for mitigating current harmonics.And its DC-link voltage must be sufficiently constant in value so that APF can work properly.There have been literatures about the studies on DC-link voltage regulation,but they haven't released the internal mechanisms of DC-link voltage or presented an optimal control algorithm.Based on the analysis on characteristics of APF,a simple fuzzy proportional(SFP)control algorithm for DC-link voltage is proposed.The SFP controller adjusts proportional gain Kp based on fuzzy logic.Keeping the Kp low in steady state can improve the compensation quality,and increasing the value of Kp in transient state can accelerate the convergence.Thus,the controller performs well in harmonics suppression and stabilizing operation.Besides,the proposed SFP controller is of simple structure and clear physical meaning.Finally,simulation and experiments proved that the proposed method can accelerate the convergence of APF,and suppress the harmonics stably and effectively..

    Influence of controller parameters on AGC regulation performance
    CAO Zifeng, YANG Dong, WU Maokun, WANG Youlong, PAN Fengping, WU Zhenlong
    2022, 44(4):  36-42.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.005
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    To consume more wind power and PV power, Automatic Generation Control (AGC) makes stricter requires on regulation speed, regulation accuracy and coal-fired units' load response time simultaneously. In order to further enhance the regulation performance of AGC, the influence of controller parameters on the regulation performance of AGC under the Direct Energy Balance (DEB) control structure is analyzed. Firstly, three performance indexes of AGC, regulation rate, regulation accuracy and response time,and their calculation methods are introduced. Analyzing the influencing factors of the indexes above, the control difficulties such as coupling and nonlinearity of the Coordinated Control System (CCS) are summarized. Based on the DEB control structure and optimized controller parameters, the influences of controller parameters on the regulation rate, regulation accuracy and response time are analyzed by single variable method. Simulation results show that the proportional and integral gains of the power loop and the main steam pressure loop have significant correlation with AGC regulation indexes. In order to improve the AGC regulation performance, the proportional gain of the power loop,the integral gain of the power loop and the proportional gain of the main steam pressure circuit can be moderately increased. The conclusions provide direction guidance for controller parameter optimization to enhance the regulation performance of AGC, and which are promising in engineering practices.

    Energy Storage and Peak Regulation Technology
    Improvement of deep peak regulation and comprehensive peak shaving technologies for coal-fired units
    TONG Jialin, WU Ruikang, MAO Jianbo, LYU Hongkun
    2022, 44(4):  43-50.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.006
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    With the development of the new-energy-oriented power system to pursue carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,low-load operation and participation in deep load regulation has become the ordinary state for coal-fired units.Though there is no constraint on the stable operation of the units running at 40%ECR,the constraints for those units at 30%ECR or a lower load should not be ignored.Many technical approaches and transformation are taken to alleviate the intrinsic constraints of the units,and new peak shaving technologies such as those integrated multi-form energy storage,CCUS and multi-energy coupling regulation are proposed.The results show that efficient technical approaches and transformation can improve the peak load regulating performance of units,and raise the dry-wet state transition point of an ultra-super critical boiler by over 6% rated load.Since it is hard to meet the demand of further peak shaving by exploring the potential in a coal-fired unit,comprehensive peak shaving technologies is feasible and crucial in further peak shaving regulation.

    Application of phase-change energy storage technology in heat pump systems
    WANG Changjun, YAN Jun, DONG Yong, SONG Zhanlong
    2022, 44(4):  51-64.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.007
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    Phase change material(PCM) can store and release energy at a specific temperature because of its unique physical properties. It has a widespread use in energy storage. Medium and low temperature phase-change energy storage technology is mainly applied to building energy conservation. To facilitate the integrated application of phase-change energy storage technology and heat pump technology,the ways to improve the coefficient of performance(COP) of heat pumps,reduce the defrosting time of heat pumps and strength the heat / cold storage capacity of heat pumps are analyzed. The integrated application can effectively improve heat pump COP, operational stability of heat pumps and the comfort level of users. This integration is promising in the field of building energy conservation.

    Research progress of carbon-based catalyst materials for cathodes of Zn-air batteries
    WU Linrui, LIU Lu, MENG Yu, LI Yan, HU Nan, XU Hailong, CHEN Meiqi, ZHENG Wukang
    2022, 44(4):  65-70.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.008
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    The output curves of high-proportion solar and wind energy in new power system can barely be consistent with volatile load demands,which requires energy storage systems to store the surplus power.Electrochemical energy storage technology is a rapidly developing energy storage method,and is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality and carbon peaking.Zinc-air battery has become a research hotspot due to its low cost and high capacity.The performance of zinc-air battery can be improved by facilitating oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction.In order to reduce the cost of the catalyst,researchers have explored element-doped carbon materials and bifunctional composites consisting of carbon and other materials.The recent research progress on carbon-based catalyst materials for zinc-air battery at home and abroad are reviewed.

    Study on heat storage performance of shape-stable carbide slag skeleton phase change material
    XIONG Yaxuan, WANG Huixiang, HU Ziliang, YAO Chenhua, SONG Chaoyu, DING Yulong
    2022, 44(4):  71-75.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.009
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    Calcium carbide slag is an industrial solid waste associated with the production of acetylene,and a large number of accumulations pollute the environment.Under the background of carbon neutralization,calcium carbide slag-based composite phase change heat storage material was prepared by cold compression-hot sintering method with calcium carbide slag as skeleton material and NaNO3 as phase change material for resource utilization of solid waste.The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) and laser thermal conductivity analysis(LFA).The results showed that the composite had good chemical compatibility.When the mass ratio of NaNO3 to carbide slag was 5∶5,various thermophysical properties were the best,which was the best ratio.Under this ratio,the maximum thermal conductivity of the composite was 0.18 W/(m∙K),and the thermal storage density was 457.2 J/g at 50~500 °C,which showed good thermal storage performance.

    System Simulation and Optimization
    Simulation study on the effect of flow channel's different cross-section on PV/T system performance
    GUO Guangzheng, GOU Yujun, ZHONG Xiaohui
    2022, 44(4):  76-84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.010
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    The heat collection efficiency of traditional tube sheet PV/T collectors is low.A study is made on the influence on the performance of PV/T systems brought by three neo structures of flow channels,rectangle,semicircle and triangle. Simulation analysis on the working conditions of a PV/T system with different cross-sectional flow channel is made by ANSYS Fluent 2020.Then,the model for the PV/T collector system is constructed and simulated dynamically by Matlab/Simulink 2018.The research results indicate that the semicircular flow channel and rectangular flow channel performance better,and the two-way arrangement for the inlet and outlet can reduce the pressure drop and improve the cooling performance.The power generated by new PV/T collector is higher than that of a photovoltaic cell by 24% under 1 000 W/m2 radiation intensity.At the ambient temperature of 25 ℃,the comprehensive energy utilization rate of the PV/T collector can be over 70%.

    Stress calculation for supports and hangers of molten salt pipelines in solar thermal power stations
    CHEN Zehong, LIAO E, WU Lei, CAO Qi, CHEN Guoqiang, DU Guanghan, LIU Guixiu, LI Gen
    2022, 44(4):  85-91.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.04.011
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    Concentrating solar power plants is prospering against the backdrop of achieving carbon neutrality,but stress concentration is an important issue that dampens the reliability of pipelines. Among the reasons for the problem, an important one is that the high and volatile operating temperature of molten salt pipelines in concentrating solar power plants generates large thermal stress. Based on the case of a CSP station, the stress of its pipe support and hanger is calculated by ANSYS Workbench. According to the constructed 3D finite model of the pipe support and hanger, stress calculations and analyses were conducted for the model under various steady and transient conditions. The results show that the most dangerous working condition is the extreme cloud cover condition under which the maximum stress can reach 233 MPa.And the stress concentration appears inside the protective plate and on the pipelines between protective plates,where the local primary membrane stress and bending stress exceed the safe range. The corresponding optimization scheme for the pipe support and hanger is taking clamping structure.The proposed structure can secure the stress within a safe range.