固体颗粒储热技术综述：原理、材料、装置与应用

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.06.001

综合智慧能源 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1-15.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.06.001

• 储热材料与技术 • 下一篇

固体颗粒储热技术综述：原理、材料、装置与应用

郑浩¹(), 熊亚选¹^,^*(), 钱向瑶²(), 邹婧¹(), 吴玉庭³()

¹ 北京建筑大学供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室，北京 102616
² 北京京能热力发展有限公司通州分公司，北京 101100
³ 北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室，北京 100124

收稿日期:2026-03-23 修回日期:2026-05-12 出版日期:2026-06-25
通讯作者: *熊亚选（1977），男，教授，博士，从事低碳储能和供热系统精准节能等方面的研究，xiongyaxuan@bucea.edu.cn
作者简介:郑浩（2001），男，硕士生，从事固体颗粒储热方面的研究，3343502251@qq.com；
钱向瑶（1995），女，助理工程师，硕士，从事供热行业热网管理与供热节能等方面的研究，956628932@qq.com；
邹婧（2003），女，硕士生，从事粉煤灰碳捕获方面的研究，2815190754@qq.com；
吴玉庭（1970），男，教授，研究员，博士，从事熔盐储热、低品位能源利用等方面的研究，wuyuting@bjut.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFE0118800)

Review on solid particle thermal energy storage technology： Mechanisms， materials， devices and applications

ZHENG Hao¹(), XIONG Yaxuan¹^,^*(), QIAN Xiangyao²(), ZOU Jing¹(), WU Yuting³()

¹ Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating， Gas Supply， Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering， Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture， Beijing 102616， China
² Tongzhou Branch of Beijing Jingneng Thermal Power Development Company Limited， Beijing 101100， China
³ Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Utilization， Beijing University of Technology， Beijing 100124， China

Received:2026-03-23 Revised:2026-05-12 Published:2026-06-25
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0118800)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球能源低碳转型背景下，可再生能源间歇性、热能供需错配问题突出，储热技术成为新能源消纳的核心支撑。固体颗粒储热技术具有工作温度范围广、热循环稳定、环境友好等显著优势，在太阳能热发电、工业余热回收等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。为明确不同固体颗粒材料的应用场景，以“储热原理-固体颗粒材料-储热装置-工程应用”为主线，阐明储热原理决定材料适配性、材料性能约束装置结构、装置设计支撑实际应用的内在关联。固体颗粒储热可作为显热储热（SHS）、潜热储热（LHS）、热化学储热（TCES）及复合储热（CTES）4类储热技术的介质。分析了各类技术路径的原理与典型颗粒材料的关键热物性参数：SHS技术成熟、材料热密度低；LHS热密度较高、放热稳定，但材料存在过冷与封装泄漏问题；TCES材料的热密度高，但反应慢，且需配套气体处理系统，初期投资较高；CTES的材料界面热阻大，但提高了系统稳定性。深入剖析了固定床、移动床、流化床3类主流储热装置的结构与工作原理，整理各装置的传热关联式，根据不同装置的适配颗粒粒径（填充床适用于大粒径颗粒，移动床适用于中粒径颗粒，流化床适用于微胶囊相变颗粒、热化学颗粒等细颗粒）、颗粒损耗、压降等特性，并总结了不同装置的现存挑战。通过构建从材料到工程落地的完整技术框架，为固体颗粒储热的快速发展和工程应用提供技术依据。未来固体颗粒储热技术将朝向固废高值化、装置商业化、系统一体化等方向发展。

关键词: 固体颗粒, 热能储存, 显热储热, 潜热储热, 相变材料, 填充床, 流化床

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of global low-carbon energy transition， the intermittency of renewable energy， the severe mismatch between energy supply and demand and other prominent energy challenges are positioning energy storage technology as a core support for renewable energy integration. Solid particle thermal energy storage technology has significant advantages， including a wide operating temperature range， stable thermal cycling， and environmental friendliness， showing great application potential in concentrated solar power， industrial waste heat recovery， and other fields. To clarify the application scenarios of different solid particle materials， the internal relationships are elucidated following the main line of "thermal energy storage mechanisms-solid particle materials-thermal energy storage devices-engineering applications"， whereby thermal energy storage mechanisms determine material adaptability， material properties constrain device structures， and device design supports practical applications. Solid particles can serve as media for four technical pathways： sensible heat storage（SHS）， latent heat storage（LHS）， thermochemical heat storage（TCHS）， and composite thermal energy storage（CTES）. The principles of each pathway， suitable typical particle materials， and their key thermophysical parameters are analyzed. SHS technology is mature but materials have low thermal density； LHS has higher thermal density and stable heat release， but materials face challenges like supercooling and encapsulation leakage； TCES materials have high thermal density but slow reaction rates， requiring gas processing systems which increase the initial investment； CTES materials have large interfacial thermal resistance but can improve system stability. The structures and working principles of three mainstream thermal energy storage devices—fixed beds， moving beds， and fluidized beds—are analyzed in depth. By clarifying the heat transfer correlation equations and characteristics （particle size， particle loss， and pressure drop） of different fluidized beds，the application scenarios and existing challenges of different devices are summarized. Specifically， packed beds are suitable for large particles， moving beds for medium particles， and fluidized beds for fine particles （e.g.， microencapsulated phase change and thermochemical particles）. By constructing a complete technical framework from materials to engineering implementation， the findings provide a technical basis for the rapid development and engineering application of solid particle thermal energy storage. Solid particle thermal energy storage technology will focus on high-value utilization of solid waste in terms of materials， optimization of bed structure and low-wear conveying technology in terms of devices， and integration of materials， devices， and intelligent monitoring platforms in terms of the whole thermal storage system in the future.

Key words: solid particle, thermal energy storage, sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, phase change material, packed bed, fluidized bed

中图分类号:

TK01：TM471

郑浩, 熊亚选, 钱向瑶, 邹婧, 吴玉庭. 固体颗粒储热技术综述：原理、材料、装置与应用[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2026, 48(6): 1-15.

ZHENG Hao, XIONG Yaxuan, QIAN Xiangyao, ZOU Jing, WU Yuting. Review on solid particle thermal energy storage technology： Mechanisms， materials， devices and applications[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2026, 48(6): 1-15.

图/表 11

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

图1

表6

填充床传热相关数学方程

应用场景	换热公式	适用范围	文献
预测湍流条件下，球形颗粒固定床中流体与颗粒之间的对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=0.35\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}}^{0.7}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}{\left(\frac{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{0.19}$	$1.00\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}\le 1.99\times {10}^{5}$， $0.70\le \mathit{P}\mathit{r}\le 17.00$， $0.35\le \mathit{\varepsilon }\le 0.6$0， $1.27\le \frac{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\le 193.00$， $2.00\le \frac{\mathit{L}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\le 240.00$	[100]
预测层流条件下，球形颗粒固定床中流体与颗粒之间的对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=0.14\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}^{0.9}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}\mathrm{ }{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{-0.62}{\left(\frac{\mathit{L}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{0.2}$		[100]
预测球形或非球形颗粒填充床在过渡流与湍流条件下的强制对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=0.430\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}}^{0.58}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}+1.274$	$15.0\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}\le 3\mathrm{ }000.0$	[101]
预测不规则烧结颗粒随机填充床在湍流条件下的气-固对流传热	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=2.0+0.903\mathrm{ }{\left(\mathit{\Phi }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)}^{0.772}{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{0.391}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}$	$393.0<\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}<3\mathrm{ }319.0$	[102]
预测密实填充的单分散球形颗粒固定床中气体与颗粒之间的对流传热	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=2.67\mathrm{ }\left(\pm 1.48\right)+0.53\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.53}\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.77}$	$9.0<\mathit{R}\mathit{e}<180.0$， $0.5<\mathit{P}\mathit{r}<1.0$	[103]
预测均匀球形颗粒随机固定床在中等固含率和低雷诺数下的气-固对流传热	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{(-0.46+1.77\mathit{\varepsilon }+0.69{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2})}{{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2}}+\left(1.37-2.4\mathit{\varepsilon }+1.2{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2}\right)\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}}^{0.7}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}$	$0.5\le \mathit{\varepsilon }\le 1.0$$1.0\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}\le 100.0$	[104]

表6

图2

表7

典型流动通道结构的传热关联式

应用场景	换热关联式	应用范围	文献
带错位矩形肋的直通道	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=0.103\mathrm{ }4\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.705\mathrm{ }4}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.348\mathrm{ }9}$	$2\mathrm{ }700<\mathit{R}\mathit{e}<3\mathrm{ }800$， $0.8<\mathit{P}\mathit{r}<25$.0	[115]
带错位翼型肋的直通道	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$\mathrm{ }0.060\mathrm{ }1\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.729\mathrm{ }6}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.345\mathrm{ }0}$		[115]
错位布置的圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.089\mathrm{ }54\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.726\mathrm{ }50}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.605\mathrm{ }2}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.314\mathrm{ }77}$	$\mathit{P}\mathit{e}={\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathit{D}/{\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{s}}$， $31.3\le \mathit{P}\mathit{e}\le 125.5$， ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}=1.5,\mathrm{ }2.0,\mathrm{ }2.5,\mathrm{ }3.0$， ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}=2.0,\mathrm{ }3.0,\mathrm{ }4.0,\mathrm{ }5.0$	[116]
顺排布置的圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$0.522\mathrm{ }90\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.346\mathrm{ }54}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.442\mathrm{ }44}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.116\mathrm{ }06}$		[116]
错位布置的椭圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.148\mathrm{ }72\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.346\mathrm{ }54}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.725\mathrm{ }43}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.272\mathrm{ }56}$		[116]
错位布置的六边形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.399\mathrm{ }76\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.291\mathrm{ }08}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.808\mathrm{ }22}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.223\mathrm{ }98}$		[116]

表7

图3

表8

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材料	${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{s}}$/[W·(m·K)^-1]	${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{p}}$/[J·（kg·K）^-1]	${\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}$/（kg·m^-3）	文献
沙子	0.3~0.4	800.0~1 100.0	1 000	[21]
石英砂	0.2	1 268.0	1 480	[22]
天然岩石	1.2~5.7	600.0~1 230.0	2 200~3 000	[26]
混凝土	0.9~5.0	916.0~1 130.0	2 240~2 770	[27]
铜	385.0	376.8	8 960	[22]
氧化铝	30.0	1 117.0	3 900	[23]
钢渣	1.5~3.0（室温）， 3.5~5.0（800 ℃）	0.7~1.0	3 000~3 800	[25]

制备方法		芯材	壳材	文献
化学法	乳液聚合	辛酸	聚苯乙烯	[41]
	原位聚合	石蜡	二氧化硅	[42]
	悬浮聚合	正十八烷	聚甲基丙烯酸月桂酯	[43]
	界面聚合	石蜡	聚氨酯	[44]
物理化学法	溶胶-凝胶法	正十八烷	二氧化硅	[37]
	凝聚法	辛酸	脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂	[45]
	自组装法	石蜡	碳酸钙	[46]
物理机械法囊	喷雾干燥	石蜡	明胶和阿拉伯胶	[47]
	流化床涂层	十九烷	二氧化钛、丙烯酸聚合物	[48]
	一步法	十九烷	二氧化硅	[49]

反应物	反应式	储能密度/（J·g^-1）	工作温度/℃
氢氧化物	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}{\left(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}\right)}_{2}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}$	1 460	400~600
氢氧化物	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}{\left(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}\right)}_{2}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{O}$	1 300	350
碳酸盐	$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	1 585	1 200
碳酸盐	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	1 790	850
氢化物	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$	4 934	>1 000
氢化物	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$	2 811	300~400
氧化物	$4\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	811	1 042/1 021 （red/ox）
氧化物	$2\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	474	714/704（red/ox）

反应物	反应式	储热密度/[GJ·m^-³]	温度/℃	文献
水合盐	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.9	200	[56]
	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.7±0.5	62	[57]
	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}·7{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}·{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	0.3	122	[58]
	${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}·1.5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}+1.5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.3	85~150	[59]
沸石	$\mathrm{沸}\mathrm{石}13\mathrm{X}·\mathit{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{沸}\mathrm{石}+\mathit{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$	19.7~50.1	90~100	[60]

支撑材料		PCM材料	潜热储存密度/（J·g^-1）	PCM导热系数/[W·(m·K)^-1]	复合导热系数/[W·(m·K)^-1]	文献
泡沫金属	FC	石蜡	170.4	0.065~0.487	2.879~3.112	[65]
	FC	SAT	27.1	0.590	6.800	[74]
	AF	石蜡	233.0	0.210	4.750	[75]
	AF	RT44	160.0	0.200		[76]
	NF	RT-44HC	256.0	0.210		[77]
	NF	石蜡	90.0	0.190	4.370	[78]
有机多孔聚合物	PHPs	十八醇	261.2	0.141	0.153~0.165	[79]
	PHPs	十六醇	273.2	0.141	0.157~0.175	[80]
	PLA	HDPE	192.2			[81]
	PA6	PEG		0.300	0.420	[82]
碳基三维多孔材料	EG	石蜡	206.2	0.355	1.492	[83]
	GF	石蜡	206.0	0.240	2.600	[84]
	CF	PEG	213.7	0.210	0.380~0.680	[85]
	GA	石蜡	203.0	0.309	0.617	[86]
多孔陶瓷	硅藻土	KNO₃	100.0	0.450		[87]
	MgO	NaLiCO₃	347.9		2.600~5.810	[88]
	Al₂O₃	十八醇	238.5	0.415	1.876	[89]
	SiC	LiNO₃/NaCl	357.6	1.073	2.780	[90]

固体颗粒储热技术综述：原理、材料、装置与应用

Review on solid particle thermal energy storage technology： Mechanisms， materials， devices and applications

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应用场景	换热关联式	应用定义与范围	文献
预测流化床中浸没水平管与床层之间平均对流传热	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.86}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{14.35}{\left(\frac{\mathit{D}}{1\times {10}^{5}{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{2.76}{\left(\frac{{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{p},\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{p},\mathrm{g}}}\right)}^{-56.4}$	$3.53\le \mathit{R}\mathit{e}\le 28.36$， $12.88\le \mathit{A}\mathit{r}\le 22.11$， $0.04\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}\le 0.63$， $\mathit{P}\mathit{r}=0.70$	[122]
预测碳纳米管在部分流态化（出现气体沟流）时床层与壁面之间的对流传热	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}}=0.37\mathrm{ }\mathit{A}{\mathit{r}}^{0.7}\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{{}^{\mathrm{p}}}}^{0.2}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}$	$12.88\le \mathit{A}\mathit{r}\le 22.11$, $0.55\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}\le 3.29$, $26.18\le \frac{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{g}}}\le 92.91$, $\mathit{P}\mathit{r}=0.70$	[123]
预测碳纳米管在完全流态化（出现气泡）时，气泡相中“颗粒团”与壁面之间的对流传热	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t},\mathrm{c}\mathrm{f}}=0.36\mathrm{ }\mathit{A}{\mathit{r}}^{0.69}{\left(\frac{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)}^{0.69}\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{P}}}^{0.63}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}$	$12.88\le \mathit{A}\mathit{r}\le 22.11$, $0.55\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}\le 3.29,$$26.18\le \frac{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{g}}}\le 92.91,$$\mathit{P}\mathit{r}=0.70$	[123]

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