Research on cybersecurity challenges and protection of charging piles in digital and intelligent power grids

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.11.009

Abstract

Abstract:

With the deep integration of energy internet and new-generation information technologies， digital and intelligent power grids have become a core direction for the transformation and upgrading of power systems. Driven by both national policies and market demands， the construction of charging infrastructure in China is developing rapidly， with significant increases in charging and battery swapping stations， as well as charging piles， projected by 2025. However， the extensive application of charging piles in digital and intelligent power grids brings cybersecurity issues. The cybersecurity challenges of charging piles are discussed from the aspects of boundary security， communication protocols， and operating system vulnerabilities. Furthermore， the effects of vulnerability mining methods such as static symbolic execution， code auditing， and fuzz testing on the cybersecurity of charging piles are analyzed. Future trends of charging pile cybersecurity in digital and intelligent power grids are forecasted. Additionally， the importance of complying with national laws， regulations， and standards and implementing effective measures for cybersecurity protection is emphasized.

Key words: charging pile, cybersecurity, vulnerability mining, protection strategy, security posture, boundary security, communication protocol, digital and intelligent power grids, energy internet

CLC Number:

TK01：TM910：TM76

LI Zhuoqun, JIN Yuan, PENG Fengwei, ZHANG Xiangyu, DAI Hanqi, ZHANG Xian, YUAN Xiaoxi, GONG Gangjun. Research on cybersecurity challenges and protection of charging piles in digital and intelligent power grids[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(11): 96-105.

Figures/Tables 4

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方法类型	优点	缺点	针对协议	关键技术	典型研究
基于突变的模糊测试	无需详细协议规范；通过现有输入变异快速生成用例；状态空间遍历能力强	依赖随机变异策略；冗余用例多、资源浪费；深层缺陷探测困难	Modbus，ICS协议	信息熵引导个性化突变；BERT无监督聚类；AFL改进框架	文献[37-38]
基于生成的模糊测试	符合协议规范；覆盖协议多层级结构；测试用例多样性高	需要协议结构知识；逆向分析成本高；复杂协议生成难度大	CAN总线，工业控制协议	协议逆向分析（Pro Cluster）；Transformer自注意力机制；动态多尺度判别器	文献[39-40]
基于状态导向的模糊测试	精准触发协议状态转移；提升代码覆盖率；支持复杂交互场景验证	状态机建模复杂度高；多节点同步测试难度大；依赖协议状态可见性	X.509，TLS，有状态协议	灰盒状态追踪技术；差分测试算法；状态转移优先级排序	文献[41]

方法类型	优点	缺点	核心能力	典型研究	适用场景
人工走查	发现漏洞深度高；可识别复杂逻辑缺陷	耗时耗力；依赖人员技术水平；代码量大时不现实	深度代码审查；逻辑漏洞挖掘	通用人工审查	小型项目；关键模块深度审查
工具静扫描分析	漏报率低；无需运行程序；支持自动化检测	误报率高；依赖规则库更新；无法检测运行时漏洞	静态数据流/控制流分析；代码结构可视化	文献[42-43]	代码开发早期阶段；资源受限环境
动态测试分析	误报率低；真实运行环境检测；可捕捉运行时漏洞	漏报率高；依赖测试用例质量；代码覆盖率有限	运行时行为监控；输入/输出关系验证	文献[44]	工控设备漏洞挖掘；模糊测试场景
动静态结合测试分析	兼顾深度与效率；覆盖多种漏洞类型；检测准确性高	技术实现复杂；工具整合成本高；依赖静态规则与动态数据协同	多维度漏洞预测；固件已知漏洞挖掘	文献[45-46]	复杂固件安全评估；多类型漏洞联合检测