Table of Content

25 May 2026, Volume 48 Issue 5

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Energy Storage Technology Optimization of Hydrogen Production Systems Integrated Energy System Analysis and Evaluation

Energy Storage Technology

Capacity configuration optimization of wind-solar-storage systems for oil well groups at drilling sites

JING Linru, TAN Chaodong, CHEN Peiyao, FENG Gang, WANG Jun, LIU Bin

2026, 48(5):  1-9.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.001

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To address the power supply-demand imbalances and low renewable energy consumption rates caused by uncertainties in wind and solar power and power consumption of oil pump wells， an optimized capacity configuration model for the wind-solar-storage multi-energy system for oil well groups was developed. Models for wind turbine output， photovoltaic panel output， battery charging and discharging power， and power consumption of oil wells were established. Taking the total investment cost as the objective function and the renewable energy consumption rate as a constraint， an optimized model for wind-solar-storage system capacity configuration and corresponding algorithms were proposed. Using a specific well site as an example， a capacity configuration scheme for production sites for the wind-solar-storage system of oil well groups was designed. The research and case analysis showed that the proposed optimized capacity configuration model and algorithms realized optimal capacity configuration of various sources in the multi-energy system of oil pump well groups. While considering the economic efficiency， the model significantly improved the renewable energy consumption rate at the well site to 86.15%. Additionally， the scheme effectively mitigated fluctuations in renewable energy output and periodic energy consumption， showing substantial practical application benefits.

Bi-level trading decision-making model for electric energy-frequency regulation markets

GUO Binglin, ZHANG Jingyu, ZANG Qiyong

2026, 48(5):  10-18.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.002

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Energy storage（ES）， as a new type of single-technology business entity with flexible regulation and rapid response capabilities， can simultaneously participate in multi-market trading such as electric energy and frequency regulation. To address the insufficient coordination of existing models， a bi-level optimization model was constructed for ES power stations to jointly participate in electric energy and frequency regulation markets. The upper level aimed to maximize revenue by optimizing bidding and scheduling strategies， while the lower level simulated market clearing with the goal of minimizing system electricity purchase costs. By introducing complementary slackness conditions and strong duality theory， the model was transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem， ensuring both solvability and scalability. Simulation results based on an IEEE 30-bus system demonstrated that the proposed strategy could reduce system electricity purchase costs by approximately 5.8% and increase the revenues of ES power stations by over 20%， thereby effectively enhancing resource allocation efficiency and economic benefits for market participants. This model can provide decision-making support and mechanism references for new entities such as ES power stations in multi-market trading.

Development status and analysis of compressed air energy storage

WANG Hai, LIU Siyu, ZHANG Xinyue, LIU Siqi, TANG Kerong, LIANG Xuhe, BU Hebateer

2026, 48(5):  19-30.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.003

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During the critical historical period of global carbon emission reduction， sustainable development， and energy transition， compressed air energy storage （CAES）， as a key supporting technology for the development of new-type power systems， is experiencing a phase of rapid expansion. Countries worldwide have introduced favorable policies and incentive measures to promote CAES development. This technology offers advantages such as flexible energy storage cycles， high efficiency， fast response， and safety and environmental friendliness. It can not only ensure grid power supply stability by peak shaving and valley filling， but also meet the emergency energy demands in special periods and scenarios in the new era. Given the current situation that traditional energy cannot be completely replaced， a distributed energy system solution termed as "CAES+1" is proposed， which integrates CAES with traditional energy. Representative site selection areas are identified based on criteria including demand matching， adaptability to geographical conditions， feasibility of energy combination， and economic benefits. Furthermore， the unique strengths of CAES+1 deployment in China are analyzed， such as robust policy support， advanced technical equipment， complete upstream and downstream industrial chains， strong computational power support capabilities， and high adaptability to geographical conditions. Therefore， China is poised to assume a pioneering role in the global advancement of CAES.

Analysis and optimal design of permanent magnet synchronous motors for compressed air energy storage

TIAN Jinze, MENG Keqilao, JIA Dajiang, ZHANG Zhanqiang, ZHOU Ran, JIAN Chun

2026, 48(5):  31-43.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.004

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A permanent magnet synchronous motor （PMSM）， as a core component of a compressed air energy storage system， operates for extended periods under conditions characterized by enclosed environments， wide speed ranges， and frequent start-stop cycles， resulting in high temperature rise and significant noise. Furthermore， its excessive torque ripple causes instability during the motor mode switching process， thereby leading to a decline in overall performance. To address these issues， an innovative coordinated optimization strategy integrating the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ （NSGA-Ⅱ） and response surface methodology （RSM） was proposed. This approach took the cogging torque， losses， and torque ripple of the PMSM as the optimization objectives for multi-objective design. A high-precision two-dimensional transient electromagnetic field model of the motor was constructed based on the electromagnetic simulation platform. The magnetic-thermal coupling calculation method was introduced to simulate the motor's temperature field， using electromagnetic losses calculated by the finite element method as the heat source. The temperature rise under different operating conditions was investigated， and the temperature rise characteristics of the motor were verified. To address the interactions among various parameter variables， the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm was used to seek Pareto front solutions to resolve conflicts in multi-objective optimization. The optimization algorithm was designed to identify the optimal combination rather than individual optimal values. The results showed that the cogging torque， torque ripple， and losses of the optimized motor were significantly reduced， and the temperature rise of the motor's key structural components was also decreased.

Optimization of Hydrogen Production Systems

Hierarchical configuration and optimization of active distribution networks considering characteristics of power-to-hydrogen devices

JIN Xilin, ZHANG Chao, HAO Junhong, XU Chao, ZHU Guojin, JIA Haoshuai

2026, 48(5):  44-55.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.005

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Under the background of constructing new-type power systems， the rational configuration of distributed energy resources， energy storage systems， power-to-hydrogen（P2H） devices， and reactive power compensation equipment is a critical pathway to enhancing the economy， flexibility， and reliability of distribution networks. Aiming at the electricity-storage-hydrogen interaction system on the distribution network side， an optimization model with hierarchical configuration for distribution networks considering the characteristics of multiple types of equipment was proposed by establishing equivalent node power flow models for distributed energy resources such as wind and solar power， energy storage， and P2H devices. The upper-level model determined the site selection and capacity planning schemes for equipment such as distributed energy resources and energy storage with the objective of minimizing annual investment， construction，operation and maintenance costs. The lower level determined the operation strategies for distributed energy resources， energy storage， P2H devices， and static var compensators on typical days with the objective of optimizing voltage stability in the distribution network. Taking the IEEE 33-node system as an example， optimization analysis was conducted using an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. The simulation results showed that the addition of energy storage systems and the integration of equipment such as P2H devices reduced the system's annual economic costs by 21.17%， lowered the wind and solar power curtailment costs by 79.67%， and effectively enhanced the system voltage stability.

Research on two-layer nested configuration optimization strategy for off-grid wind-solar complementary hydrogen production system considering electrolyzer lifetime

SUN Haoran, LIN Guangwei, TANG Jifei, OUYANG Yanchao, WANG Zhimin, ZHU Qiao, YANG Jin

2026, 48(5):  56-63.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.006

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To accurately match local resources of off-grid wind-solar complementary hydrogen production systems and reduce life cycle cost， a capacity configuration optimization method was proposed. Energy efficiency models of photovoltaic units， wind turbines， and batteries were established， and particularly， an electrolyzer lifetime model was developed to dynamically quantify the influence of hydrogen production power on equipment lifetime， thereby overcoming the limitations of the traditional fixed-lifetime assumption. With the objective of minimizing levelized cost of hydrogen （LCOH）， a two-layer nested optimization framework was designed. The inner layer adopted a rule-based energy management method to realize power distribution， while the outer layer applied the ant colony optimization algorithm to optimize the system capacity parameters. Actual wind and solar resource data from Baxoi， Tibet and Golmud， Qinghai were selected for validation. The results showed that the proposed strategy significantly reduced the LCOH and effectively improved the economic performance of the system compared with traditional methods， thus providing a theoretical basis for the engineering application of off-grid hydrogen production systems.

Integrated Energy System Analysis and Evaluation

Design and economic analysis of molten salt thermal storage system for 600 MW condensing unit

YUE Baiyang, GENG Shimin, CHENG Siyuan

2026, 48(5):  64-73.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.007

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To achieve deep peak shaving and flexible operation of thermal power units under the "dual carbon" goals and to enhance the grid adaptability of high-capacity pure condensing units， a coupled design and economic analysis of a molten salt heat storage system for a 600 MW condensing unit is conducted. The aim is to propose a technical retrofit scheme that balances peak-shaving capability and thermal economy. A thermodynamic system simulation model of the unit was established based on the EBSILON software， and its accuracy was verified. Two steam extraction and heat storage schemes were proposed. Scheme 1 extracted reheated steam， and scheme 2 extracted main steam. Under rated operating conditions， and based on a heat storage load of 90 MW， a coupled heat storage and release system model was established. A comparative analysis was carried out across five dimensions： peak-shaving capacity， overall plant heat efficiency， absolute electrical efficiency， system cycle efficiency， and engineering applicability. Combined with the peak-valley electricity price policy in Hebei Province， the average daily revenue and static investment payback period of the system were estimated. The simulation results showed that the peak-shaving capacities of scheme 1 and scheme 2 were 38.85 MW and 54.70 MW， respectively， and the system cycle efficiencies were 84.6% and 60.1%， respectively. Under typical peak-valley electricity prices， the average daily net revenues of scheme 1 and scheme 2 were 98 100 yuan and 70 500 yuan， respectively. The static investment payback periods were 2.08 years and 3.53 years， respectively. Scheme 1 demonstrated more excellent performance in terms of system cycle efficiency， absolute electrical efficiency， and economic performance. For the molten salt heat storage retrofit of high-capacity condensing units， the scheme extracting reheated steam ensured significant peak-shaving capability while possessing better thermal economic performance and a shorter investment payback period. With better comprehensive performance， it can be recommended as a technical route for the flexibility retrofit of similar units.

Feasibility study on steam supply expansion of combined heat and power based on molten salt energy storage

ZHANG Yongjian, LI Bin, XING Geyu, SUN Junpeng, XU Gang, XUE Xiaojun

2026, 48(5):  74-82.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.008

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Combined heat and power （CHP） units utilize part of the steam that has performed work as a secondary product for heating or industrial steam supply， which is an important approach for in-depth energy saving and emission reduction. However， the operation mode of CHP units —where power generation is determined by heat demand—limits their deep peak shaving capability. Molten salt energy storage technology can improve the operational flexibility of units and achieve heat-power decoupling to a certain extent. Therefore， a 660 MW power unit with a steam supply of 150 t/h （at 1.8 MPa and 300 ℃） was taken as the case study， and the EBSILON software was used for modeling to optimize the conventional steam supply scheme of desuperheating and depressurizing the hot reheat steam. By combining the ejector on the steam turbine side and the molten salt device on the heating network side， a steam supply scheme was proposed—namely， the main steam extraction-induced hot reheat steam coupled with molten salt. This scheme stored heat during the off-peak electricity price period and released the stored heat during the peak electricity price period. The results showed that to provide industrial steam supply of 150 t/h （at 1.8 MPa and 300 ℃）， the power operation range of the units under the original steam supply scheme was 39.34%~94.08% turbine heat acceptance （THA）， while that under the molten salt-coupled steam supply scheme was 21.74%~99.17% THA. The molten salt steam supply scheme not only broadened the safe operation boundary of heat supply， but also extended the operation range of thermal power units， thereby providing a reference for heat storage systems to participate in unit operation scheduling. On a typical day， the increased benefits after configuring the molten salt system mainly came from compensation benefits and coal-saving benefits. The coal consumption cost was reduced by 178 700 yuan per day， the new compensation benefits reached 351 000 yuan per day， the daily profit increased by 392 300 yuan， and the system payback period was 5.54 years.

Economic efficiency analysis of operation strategies for the solar-coal peak-shaving system with steam extraction and molten salt thermal energy storage based on wind and solar power integration amount

CUI Yaru, LU Yuanwei, WANG Zixuan, YANG Han, WU Yuting

2026, 48(5):  83-94.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.05.009

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To solve the problem of coordinating peak-shaving flexibility and economic efficiency of coal-fired units under the background of high-proportion wind-solar power integration， 600 MW subcritical coal-fired units were taken as the research object， and a deep peak-shaving system with solar-coal coupling based on steam extraction and molten salt thermal energy storage was proposed. In view of the limitation that existing research fails to fully consider the interaction between wind and solar power integration amount and the operation strategies for the peak-shaving system， a life-cycle cost system covering initial investment， operation and maintenance， and coal cost was established. Additionally， an economic model was established with net present value， dynamic investment payback period， levelized cost of electricity， and wind and solar power curtailment as evaluation indicators. Combined with wind and solar output curves and daily load curves， seven differentiated operation strategies were designed， and their multi-dimensional performance was comprehensively optimized and selected using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method. The results showed that strategy 1 was optimal for comprehensive performance. By precisely matching the thermal energy storage timing of high wind and solar power output with low load periods， strategy 1 achieved the triple advantages of a net present value of 1.807 1×10⁹ yuan， a dynamic investment payback period of 7.424 a， and wind and solar power curtailment of 2 090 MW·h. The system output power closely followed the daily load curves， and the wind and solar power integration ratio reached 72.54%.