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    25 September 2021, Volume 43 Issue 9
    Grid-Connected Control of New Energy
    Swarm intelligence collaborative control and optimization technology of Energy Internet
    QIN Yufei, GE Leijiao, WANG Bo
    2021, 43(9):  1-13.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.001
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    Energy Internet, the integrator of generation, network, load and storage, is a key technology for realizing energy revolution in China. In order to promote the coordinated development of multiple energy sources for Energy Internet, and boost the efficient use of energy, a swarm intelligent collaborative control and optimization technology for Energy Internet is conceived, integrated and designed. Focusing on the efficient operation of Energy Internet, the swarm intelligence collaborative control and optimization technology has taking three aspects into consideration, group intelligence model construction technology for optimizing the operation of Energy Internet, Energy Internet operation optimization technology based on swarm intelligence and Energy Internet distributed cooperative control technology based on multi-agent. This technology will be applied in the Energy Internet platform of Lankao County, Henan Province, which can make the data from the whole county area, in all categories and from all links in the chain visible and measurable. It provides theoretical basis and engineering reference for optimizing the operation of Energy Internet.

    Voltage control strategy for DC microgrid based on adaptive PI controller
    WU Xiaotao, TAN Chao, WANG Guobo
    2021, 43(9):  14-22.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.002
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    Since traditional control strategies cannot balance voltage disturbance level and total harmonic distortion(THD)of power grid,a DC bus voltage control strategy based on adaptive PI controller is proposed.The control objective of the strategy is to lower the harmonic distortion rate of the grid and the voltage disturbance simultaneously,and the strategy analyzes and executes by using a dynamic simplified model of current control loops.The proposed adaptive PI controller's proportional and integral gains are self-regulating,which can decrease the voltage fluctuation level and the THD of the grid while ensuring fast response.The results show that,compared with traditional control methods,the proposed control method can boost the anti-disturbance capacity of bus voltage and lower the THD in steady state.

    Engineering test system for the performance of a new type photovoltaic inverter involved in power grid
    SU Xiaoling, YANG Jun, GAN Jiatian, LI Zhengxi, SI Yang, GAO Mengyu
    2021, 43(9):  23-30.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.003
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    Since the conventional test method and test system for photovoltaic inverters cannot comprehensively evaluate the performance of inverters,a new engineering test system for the performance of photovoltaic inverters involved in power grid is proposed.By adding indicators such as site selection of power stations and access points and economic benefits,the applicability and performance evaluation capability of the method has been improved,making up the shortcomings of the original evaluation method which only assesses conventional test indicators such as power output characteristics,power quality,safety performance and system efficiency.The method not only meets the requirements of PV inverters'engineering application and test items of grid-connected standards for photovoltaic power stations,but also provides a comprehensive evaluation for the performance of a new type photovoltaic inverter involved in power grid.The onsite engineering test results of three types of silicon carbide(SiC) based PV inverters verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed test system for the performance of the new photovoltaic inverter involved in power grid.

    Study on half-wave and full-wave active power injection damping technology for photovoltaic power stations
    WANG Zongheng, XIONG Hongtao, SHANG Lei
    2021, 43(9):  31-36.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.004
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    A half-wave and full-wave active power injection damping control method for photovoltaic power stations is proposed to suppress the low-frequency oscillation of the power systems. Based on the basic principle of half-wave and full-wave damping injection control for photovoltaic power stations,the low frequency oscillation of power system is suppressed under load shedding and maximum power tracking operation conditions of photovoltaic power station.A cascaded damping control composed of "gain,filtering and phase compensation" is put forward,and the design principles and value ranges of the main parameters are given.The influences of the control gain of half-wave and full-wave active power injection damping control branch,electrical distance between photovoltaic generator and traditional power supply and other parameters on damping effect are studied.Taking a four-machine two-area power system with photovoltaic generators as an example,the suppression effect of half-wave and full-wave active power injection damping control on power system frequency oscillation is studied.The control structure and parameter design principle proposed show good robustness when the oscillation frequency changes.

    Configuration of Energy Storage Devices
    Flexible load regulation margin evaluation method considering virtual energy storage characteristics
    WANG Xiyue, XU Jian, LIAO Siyang, KE Deping
    2021, 43(9):  37-45.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.005
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    In order to fully tap the regulation potential of flexible load, massive distributed load side resources are led to interacted with the power grid. Thus, the optimal allocation of resources and the improvement of energy utilization efficiency can be realized more economically, efficiently and safely, which is adaptive to the development of smart grid. According to the characteristics of air conditioning load and operation characteristics of electric vehicle and energy storage equipment, the focuses are laid on exploring the virtual energy storage capacity in air conditioning load and charging of electric vehicle. The modelling for virtual energy storage capacity is similar to the general energy storage equipment. Analysing the characteristics of virtual energy storage aggregation model by Monte Carlo simulation method, the available capacity participating in dispatching is obtained. Then, a unified margin control index is proposed to measure the dispatch priority of the three types of loads. Finally, taking the case including air conditioners and electric vehicles as the example, an adjustable capacity which can vary with the outdoor temperature and electric vehicle charging plan is obtained.

    Optimization bidding strategy for wind power and energy storage participating in energy market
    LIU Linpeng, CHEN Jiajun, ZHU Jianquan, HU Wenxia, LUO Tao
    2021, 43(9):  46-53.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.006
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    To solve the problems in the bidding of wind power and energy storage in energy market and fast frequency modulation market,a coordinated optimization bidding strategy for wind power and energy storage based on approximate dynamic programming is proposed.Firstly,to maximize the income,the optimization bidding model for wind power and energy storage participating in energy market and fast frequency modulation that has taken the randomness of wind power and life degradation of energy storage into consideration is established.Secondly,to deal with the non-convexity and randomness of the bidding model,the approximate optimal solution of the original problem is obtained after being divided into multiple sub-problems by approximate dynamic programming and solved individually.Finally,the proposed method is applied to the power market in Guangzhou and the fast frequency modulation market in Maryland,New Jersey,Pennsylvania(PJM),and its effectiveness has been proven.

    Optimized configuration of energy storage devices of building photovoltaic system with phase-change energy storage
    WANG Qiuhui, SUN Liguo, LI Jiawen
    2021, 43(9):  54-61.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.007
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    With the expansion of cities,energy consumption of buildings is increasingly growing.The energy crisis and environmental pollution resulting from it are imminent. Therefore,constructing a micro-grid for buildings properly and consuming renewable energy thoroughly can effectively relieve the pressure of the power grid and realize its clean and low-carbon development.Aiming at the problems of low PV power consumption rate and large peak-valley load difference in building photovoltaic systems,a photovoltaic system with phase-change energy storage and its demand response mechanism are introduced. Under the premise of considering demand responses,a phase-change energy storage system is designed integrated with air conditioners, to jointly meet the temperature-controlled load of a building. The scheduling strategy is given,and an energy storage optimization model for the system is established.To minimize the system operation cost,taking particle swarm algorithm to solve the model,the optimized configuration of the energy storage system capacity can be obtained.Then,an economic and technical analysis is carried out on the system. Finally, five configuration schemes are compared based on case studies. The results show that the scheme proposed not only effectively reduces the cost,but also effectively improves the PV power consumption rate and reduces the peak-valley load difference.

    Feasibility study on the coupling application of flue gas waste heat recovery and energy storage technology
    GUO Puwei, PENG Yue, DENG Jingmin, LI Bingfa, ZHOU Xing, HU Yun, GUO Haiqiang, WANG Jinxing
    2021, 43(9):  62-68.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.008
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    To achieve carbon neutrality,we must boost energy efficiency.Flue gas waste heat recovery is an important way to save energy and improve efficiencies of existing coal-fired units.At the same time,energy storage technology is of application prospect for being able to match“source-load”across time and space.Three flue gas waste heat recovery technologies,flue gas waste heat recovery under variable working conditions(350~400 ℃),combined operation of low-temperature economizers and heaters(122~160 ℃)and flue gas waste heat recovery with direct expansion heat pumps(77~180 ℃),are introduced,and so do the three energy storage technologies,compressed air energy storage (200~400 ℃),liquid air energy storage(-200 ℃)and thermal energy storage(90~200 ℃).Considering the matching of temperatures for flue gas waste heat recovery and energy storage technologies,the potential energy utilization forms of flue gas waste heat recovery technologies coupled with compressed air energy storage and thermal energy storage technology are proposed,and their operation performances are discussed.They provide theoretical references for efficient flue gas waste heat recovery and parameter design to improve unit flexibility.

    Coordinated Economic Dispatch
    Environmental economic dispatch considering wind power systems based on green certificate-carbon trading mechanism
    ZHANG Jiarui, YU Pengjun, XU Zhongyi, XU Jiabao, ZHU Zewei
    2021, 43(9):  69-77.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.009
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    In the context of low-carbon green economy, in order to promote energy conservation, emission reduction and green development of power industry, carbon emission trading mechanism and green certificate trading mechanism are introduced into the environmental economic dispatch(EED) of power system. Based on the objective function attempting to minimize green certificate transaction cost, thermal power generation cost, wind power operation and maintenance cost, wind power curtailment penalty and carbon emission right transaction cost, and taking SO2 and NOx emissions as pollutant emissions, a multi-objective environmental economic dispatch model for the power system containing wind power is established. By improving the MOEA/D algorithm, the MOEA/D-OLSMS algorithm is obtained.The model is solved by MOEA/D-OLSMS and MOEA/D algorithm,respectively. The impact of different renewable energy quota coefficients on the power system under different dispatch scenarios is analyzed. The validity of the proposed model and the superiority of the algorithms are verified by the simulation examples.

    Utility evaluation method for peak-valley electricity retail packages considering peak regulation responses
    WANG Tianfeng, LIU Bingdong, ZHANG Yichen, XIE Tian, HUANG Hongwei
    2021, 43(9):  78-84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.010
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    In order to accurately evaluate the expected benefits of electricity retail packages under different reporting modes, the contribution of power users' peak regulation responses to peak-valley power retail package was studied, and a utility evaluation method for the peak-valley power retail package considering peak regulation responses was proposed. Firstly, the basic concept of the peak-valley power package is introduced. A main feature of the package is that the electricity price it offered decreases with the shrink of peak-valley power' proportion, so users will actively participate in peak-valley regulation. In order to quantify the adverse effects of peak-shaving responses, an evaluation model to classify power users' peak-shaving responses was designed. On the basis of this, a utility evaluation method considering the variation of electricity price and adverse effects of peak-load responses is proposed. Finally, based on the data of two power users, a case study is made and the evaluation results show that users tend to declare a lower peak-valley power ratio without considering the adverse effects of peak response. However, when the price is reduced to an extent, the power restriction caused by the ratio coefficient of peak-valley electricity will greatly affect the normal use demand of power users, leading to the decline of comprehensive utility. The results show that when purchasing peak-valley electricity package, power users must take into account the changes of electricity purchase cost and electricity consumption habits caused by the adjustment of peak-valley electricity ratio, accurately evaluate the adverse effects brought by the response of peak-valley electricity ratio, and reasonably determine the peak-valley electricity ratio index.

    Design and practice of peak regulation ancillary service market in Guizhou for achieving carbon neutrality and carbon peaking
    DAI Jiang, JIANG Youquan, TIAN Nianjie, ZHAO Qian, ZHAO Xiangyu
    2021, 43(9):  85-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.09.011
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    With the changes in Guizhou power grid load characteristics and the development of new energy,the current compensation mechanism of ancillary service in electricity market cannot satisfy the requirements of electricity market construction.The urgent contradiction has to be resolved by coordinating and optimizing the peak-regulation resources in Guizhou through marketized tools.Focusing on the mechanism design, the innovation of the peak regulation auxiliary service market in Guizhou is analyzed from its transaction varieties,application modes,clearing and settlement mechanisms.Finally,analysis is made on the operation situation of peak regulation auxiliary service market in Guizhou.It is turned out to be beneficial to promoting clean energy consumption,advancing the power supply in Guizhou to a clean,low-carbon emission and green industry,and accelerating the progress of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking.