构网型技术在微电网中的应用与发展综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.11.004

综合智慧能源 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 36-51.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.11.004

• 灵活资源调控与协同优化 • 上一篇下一篇

构网型技术在微电网中的应用与发展综述

刘海涛^a^,^b(), 张文霄^a, 杨陈晨^a, 马珺锴^a, 乔治铭^a, 夏洋^a, 许伦^a^,^*

a.南京工程学院江苏省配电网智能技术与装备协同创新中心, 南京 211167
b.南京工程学院电力工程学院南京 211167

收稿日期:2025-05-12 修回日期:2025-08-11 出版日期:2025-10-20
通讯作者: *许伦（1993），男，博士，从事微电网运行与控制关键技术方面的研究，2694909131@qq.com。
作者简介:刘海涛（1972），女，教授，博士，从事微电网运行与控制关键技术方面的研究，13851424346@163.com；
张文霄（2001），男，硕士生，从事构网型控制技术方面的研究，1220966050@qq.com；
杨陈晨（2002），女，硕士生，从事电动汽车参与电网调频技术方面的研究，2040646424@qq.com；
马珺锴（2000），男，硕士生，从事储能锂电池健康状态估计技术方面的研究，874256568@qq.com；
乔治铭（2001），男，硕士生，从事车网互动机制及信息安全研究等方面的研究，2643528388@qq.com；
夏洋（2002），男，硕士生，从事电力系统稳定运行控制方面的研究，xy1045037578@163.com。
基金资助:
江苏省高等学校基础科学研究重大项目(22KJA470005)

Review on application and development of grid-forming technology in microgrids

LIU Haitao^a^,^b(), ZHANG Wenxiao^a, YANG Chenchen^a, MA Junkai^a, QIAO Zhiming^a, XIA Yang^a, XU Lun^a^,^*

a. Nanjing Institute of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Technology and Equipment of Distribution Networks Nanjing 211167， China
b. Nanjing Institute of Technology School of Electric Power Engineering， Nanjing Institute of Technology， Nanjing 211167， China

Received:2025-05-12 Revised:2025-08-11 Published:2025-10-20
Supported by:
Major Project of Basic Scientific Research of Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu Province(22KJA470005)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在新型电力系统建设背景下，构网型技术已成为解决微电网惯量缺失、频率波动和电压失稳等核心问题的关键技术。系统梳理了构网型控制策略的技术原理与发展路径，并基于典型工程案例分析了构网型装备从示范验证到智能化发展的3个阶段；聚焦微电网孤岛运行、并网切换及多微网协同3大典型场景，深入探讨了构网型技术在提升系统稳定性方面的功能优势与实现机制；针对控制实时性、设备可靠性和经济性等现存挑战，提出了智能算法优化、新型拓扑开发和多能域协同等未来发展方向，为构网型技术在微电网中的规模化应用提供理论支撑。

关键词: 新能源并网, 微电网, 构网型控制, 构网型装备, 典型场景分析, 新型电力系统

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the construction of a new-type power system， grid-forming technology has emerged as a crucial solution to the core challenges in microgrids， including inertia deficiency， frequency fluctuations， and voltage instability. The technical principles and development trajectories of grid-forming control strategies are systematically reviewed. Based on typical engineering cases， the three-stage evolution of grid-forming equipment from demonstration verification to intelligent development is analyzed. Focusing on three representative scenarios in microgrids， namely islanded operation， grid-connected switching， and multi-microgrid coordination， the functional advantages and implementation mechanisms of grid-forming technology in enhancing system stability are thoroughly investigated. To address existing challenges such as control real-time performance， equipment reliability， and economic efficiency， future development directions including intelligent algorithm optimization， novel topology development， and multi-energy domain coordination are proposed， which provide theoretical support for the large-scale application of grid-forming technology in microgrids.

Key words: new energy grid integration, microgrid, grid-forming control, grid-forming equipment, typical scenario analysis, new-type power system

刘海涛, 张文霄, 杨陈晨, 马珺锴, 乔治铭, 夏洋, 许伦. 构网型技术在微电网中的应用与发展综述[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2025, 47(11): 36-51.

LIU Haitao, ZHANG Wenxiao, YANG Chenchen, MA Junkai, QIAO Zhiming, XIA Yang, XU Lun. Review on application and development of grid-forming technology in microgrids[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(11): 36-51.

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比较维度	GFL	GFM
控制目标	跟随主电网电压和频率运行	自主建立电压和频率
同步方式	依赖PLL同步	内部频率生成器、无需外部参考
频率/电压支撑能力	被动提供，响应延迟，电压控制弱	主动调节输出电压，具备强无功支撑能力
惯量特性	无惯量响应功能	可模拟惯量与阻尼，增强频率稳定性
故障穿越能力	容易失稳	能主动控制电压、电流限幅，具备一定故障穿越能力
适应性与鲁棒性	对弱电网适应性差，受系统阻抗影响大	可主动稳定弱电网，鲁棒性强
典型应用场景	常用于强网接入的光伏、风电等变流器	适用于孤岛运行、弱电网支撑、多微网协调

同步机特性	GFM模块	对应VSG算法
转子惯性	有功功率环的积分环节	虚拟转子运动方程
调频调压特性	有功/无功下垂控制	模拟调速器与励磁调节器
电压源输出	电压内环的幅值/相位控制	同步机定子电动势模型

发展阶段	工程名称	地区	时间	主要的构网型装备配置	主要控制策略	创新点/突破
初期示范阶段	南麂岛微电网^[40]	中国	2012年	锂电储能（变流器）	下垂控制	验证海岛微电网可行性
	珠海东澳岛微电网^[41]	中国	2009年	储能系统（变流器）	下垂控制	实现海岛微电网平滑模式切换
	Kalaeloa 微电网^[42]	美国	2011年	储能系统（变流器）	下垂控制	首个兆瓦级储能主导的微电网
	曼海姆微电网^[43]	德国	2012年	传统同步电源（柴油机组）+电力电子变流器	下垂控制	传统同步电源参与微电网的早期示范
技术突破阶段	江苏大丰微电网^[44]	中国	2017年	风机（逆变器）+储能（变流器）	VSG控制	实现风机构网型改造
	MIGRATE 项目^[45]	欧盟	2019年	风电集群（逆变器）	VSG控制	风电场集群构网型应用
	Hornsdale 储能^[46]	澳大利亚	2017年	锂电池（变流器）	VSG+MPC混合控制	大型构网型储能应用
智能化发展阶段	福建湄洲岛微电网^[47]	中国	2021年	光伏（逆变器）+风电（逆变器）+ 混合储能系统（变流器）	自适应VSG	实现VSG控制和智能调节的联合应用
	NREL实验平台^[48	美国	2021年	多类型逆变器集群	数字优化控制	数字生成技术验证
	Orkney 微电网^[49]	英国	2022年	潮汐发电+储能（变流器）	阻抗重塑VSG	海洋能源构网型应用和智能调节的联合应用

应用场景	核心需求	关键技术手段	典型设备
孤岛运行	自主建压/频率稳定	VSG控制、复合电压启动	GF-PCS、构网型逆变器
并网切换	柔性并网/故障穿越	VSG与其他技术的混合控制	构网型逆变器、静止同步补偿器
多微网协同	跨微网功率互济	虚拟电阻预同步、阻抗重塑	柔性直流换流站、储能系统

构网型技术在微电网中的应用与发展综述

Review on application and development of grid-forming technology in microgrids

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