关键词: 混凝土电池, 电容器, 电极, 电解质, 隔膜, 墙体储电

Abstract: Because the world is undergoing a major shift toward low-carbon energy, the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation makes energy storage an increasingly urgent topic. At the same time, the drive to make buildings smarter, more energy-efficient, and less reliant on carbon highlights a clear demand for materials that can bear loads while also performing multiple functions. Traditional batteries do not integrate well with building materials and are generally designed for specific applications, hence why concrete-based energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors, have emerged as a very promising alternative. Adding carbons such as carbon black and carbon fibers to the cement matrix allows the resulting systems to combine structural performance with energy storage capability,and the use of electric double layer capacitance or pseudocapacitance mechanisms gives them high energy and power densities, excellent mechanical strength, and favorable cost characteristics, making them extremely attractive for zero-energy buildings and smart structures. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive and well-organized review of recent advances in the design, modeling, simulation, optimization, and control of such systems, along with discussions on data collection, processing, analysis, and hardware/software design for specific applications, capped off with a clear identification of current limitations and future directions.

Key words: Concrete-based batteries, capacitors, electrodes, electrolytes, separators, wall-integrated energy storage