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    25 December 2024, Volume 46 Issue 12
    Decision of control and safety
    Stability control of multiband power system stabilizer based on Transformer-embedded deep deterministic policy gradient method
    YIN Linfei, ZHAO Yiran
    2024, 46(12):  1-9.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.001
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    The renewable energy generation has volatility and uncertainty characteristics, which can disrupt the dynamic balance of voltage and frequency in power systems, alter power flow distribution, and consequently cause grid splitting, threatening overall grid stability and power supply security. The stability control of the multiband power system stabilizer (MB-PSS) can enhance the reliability and stability of power transmission within power systems. To ensure MB-PSS stability, a Transformer-embedded deep deterministic policy gradient(TDDPG) method was proposed by combining the deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG) method in deep reinforcement learning with the Transformer mechanism from generative pre-trained models(GPT). The Transformer mechanism was integrated into two neural networks of the DDPG method, utilizing encoders and decoders to increase the dimensionality of input parameters, addressing the issue of insufficient input in the two neural networks of the DDPG method. Simulation results of three-phase and two-phase grounding faults demonstrate that the multi-band power system stabilizer stability control method based on the TDDPG method achieves excellent training results with higher control precision.

    Coal mill variable loading force optimized strategy based on the fused model of the ratio of pressure-drop to current
    CHEN Ranjing, CHEN Yifan, CAO Yue, SI Fengqi
    2024, 46(12):  10-16.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.002
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    The proposal of the "dual carbon" goals posed a challenge to coal-fired generating units under low-load operation. As the key equipment of a coal pulverizing system, a coal mill is in urgent need of optimizing its control strategy so as to enhance the efficiency and safety. Base on real operation data of a coal mill, data mining tools such as regression method and correlation analysis are adopted to uncover the relationships between its operating parameters including the outputs and the ratio of pressure-drop to current. The ratio of pressure-drop to current, which is weakly related to the mill capacity, is taken to evaluate the operating condition, making the parameter a proper criterion for the performance of the mill under variable load operation. Operation data show that moderate ratios of pressure-drop to current that near the operation baseline provide an optimal value range for the parameter. Considering the distribution of the ratio of pressure-drop to current, a specific loading force strategy is obtained, which can supress the vibration and enhance the efficiency of the coal mill. The strategy made based on the ratio of pressure-drop to current is applicable to mills of the same type.

    Fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on MVMD and ISCSO-HKELM
    DU Dongsheng, LIAN He, DENG Xiangshuai, REN Yiming, ZHAO Zhemin
    2024, 46(12):  17-28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.003
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    To address the issue of low fault diagnostic accuracy in proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) systems caused by high temperatures and strong background noise in raw signals,a fault diagnosis model based on multivariate variational mode decomposition(MVMD) and improved sand cat swarm optimization(ISCSO) algorithm for optimizing the hybrid kernel extreme learning machine(HKELM) was proposed. Wavelet hard thresholding denoising(WHTD) was applied to filter the raw PEMFC signals,and MVMD was employed to decompose the denoised signals into a series of intrinsic mode functions(IMFs).The optimal IMFs were selected for signal reconstruction based on variance contribution rate, correlation coefficient,and information entropy.The sand cat swarm optimization(SCSO) algorithm was enhanced using logistic mapping,refracted opposition-based learning(ROBL),nonlinear dynamic factors,and golden sine strategy,resulting in an improved ISCSO algorithm. The ISCSO algorithm was then applied to optimize HKELM,and the improved ISCSO-HKELM algorithm was utilized to extract features from the reconstructed signals for fault diagnosis.The proposed WHTD-MVMD-ISCSO-HKELM fault diagnosis model was compared with other algorithms,and the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly improved fault diagnostic accuracy,indicating feasibility and superiority.

    Wind turbine blades icing monitoring based on dynamic latent variable regression
    XIAO Bitao, LIU Yu, LAI Xiaolu
    2024, 46(12):  29-35.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.004
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    The monitoring and warning of wind turbine blade icing is of great significance to ensure the safe and stable operation of wind turbines. Considering the accumulating effects of icing processes on the turbine performance, a wind turbine blade icing monitoring model is proposed that conforms to the dynamic operating characteristics of the unit,so as to improve the accuracy of wind turbine blade icing monitoring. The power main band is extracted by isolated forest algorithm to provide high quality data for the establishment of performance degradation model. A dynamic latent variable regression algorithm is used to maximize the projection of quality variable on the dynamic latent space, extract latent structured relations between process and quality variables in the dynamic operation of wind turbines based on minimizing regression errors. The vector auto regression model is used to calculate the dynamic monitoring indicators, and if the monitoring indicators of the output power exceed the limit, the warning of deterioration is carried out. Then the tip speed ratio and pitch angle of the degradation data are abnormally detected based on isolated forest and if the parameters are abnormal and the ambient temperature is below 0 ℃, a blade icing warning will be issued. The actual operation data of a wind turbine in southwest China is used as an example to verify the effectiveness of the method in this paper.

    Decision of planning and scheduling
    Modeling of 1 000 MW tower boiler combustion system and study on low-NOx high-efficiency combustion strategy
    DING Xu, FU Kangkang, KANG Boshi, LI Xuhui, WANG Jinshi, QIU Binbin
    2024, 46(12):  36-44.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.005
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    Due to the high boiler height and multiple burner layers in tower boilers, traditional control methods struggle to achieve an optimal balance between efficiency and NOx emissions across a wide load range. To address this issue, a one-dimensional dynamic combustion model of a 1 000 MW tower boiler was developed using Simulink software and validated under steady-state conditions. By analyzing the combustion characteristics under varying burnout air ratios, excess air coefficients, and air distribution modes in main combustion zones, a low-NOx, high-efficiency combustion strategy was devised for loads ranging from 100% THA to 40% THA. At intervals of 10% THA, the NOx concentration and unburned carbon rate of the boiler under steady-state conditions were compared before and after combustion optimization.Results showed that after optimization, the coal burnout rate improved by up to 1.14%, and NOx concentrations significantly decreased at high loads (≥70% THA), with a maximum reduction of 29 mg/m³. Additionally, the optimized boiler demonstrated an average overall economic gain of 577 yuan/hour, significantly enhancing its economic efficiency. This optimization provides a theoretical foundation and model for establishing a closed-loop combustion control system for boilers.

    Research progress on specific heat capacity improvement of molten salt nanofluids
    LIU Heng, YU Yang, LI Minghang, LIANG Meng, YAN Ting, ZHAO Dazhou
    2024, 46(12):  45-54.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.006
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    At present, as an efficient energy storage solution, molten salt heat storage technology has not only been widely used in the field of solar thermal power generation, but also in the flexibility modification of thermal power plants and other diversified scenarios. The heat storage performance of molten salt medium is one of the most critical factors that affect the progress of large-scale commercial application of molten salt heat storage systems. Doping nanoparticles into molten salt systems to prepare molten salt nanofluids is a highly promising method to enhance the heat storage performance of molten salt, significantly improving its thermal physical properties, such as specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and operating temperature. The application background of molten salt heat storage is introduced in detail, the latest mechanism for strengthening the thermal properties of molten salt is clarified, and the mechanism of improving thermal properties of molten salt nanofluids based on molecular dynamics simulation is summarized. In addition, a comprehensive review of recent advances in enhancing specific heat capacity of representative nanoparticle-doped molten salt is presented, and insights into future research directions and development trends are proposed.

    Energy dispatch of wind-photovoltaic-thermal-storage considering the coupling characteristics of thermal power and molten salt heat storage
    LI Bo, CAO Yue, XU Jingyi, SI Fengqi
    2024, 46(12):  55-63.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.007
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    The construction of a new power system, with renewable energy as the main component, has become an inevitable trend in China's energy development.Using a large-scale energy base as the simulation object, a multi-energy complementary system operation revenue model incorporating molten salt heat storage was established. This system enabled energy storage and off-peak utilization by coupling thermal power units with molten salt heat storage systems, thereby improving the absorption rate of renewable energy. The model considered the multi-level peak-shaving benefits and ramping cost of thermal power plants, the operating cost of energy storage systems, and the penalty cost for curtaining renewable energy. The model was optimized with the objective of maximizing net system operation revenue, exploring the impact of thermal power unit heat storage retrofitting on renewable energy absorption and system operating economics. After integration of the molten salt heat storage system, the overall economic efficiency and utilisation rate of renewable energy in the system were significantly improved. In scenario 2, the system's daily net revenue reached 8.381 4 million yuan, an increase of 473 600 yuan compared to scenario 1. The wind energy utilization rate in Scenario 2 increased from 93.91% to 97.33%, while the photovoltaic utilization rate increased from 95.51% to 98.44%.

    Optimal Operation and Control
    Characteristic analysis of a new wide temperature range thermoelectric dual-drive compression-absorption heat pump cycle
    HU Yunrong, ZHOU Liqing, JIANG Haichao, LIU Qingguo, WANG Tenghui, WANG Guoshun, SUN Jian
    2024, 46(12):  64-71.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.008
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    Due to the wide temperature range of such waste heat, it is difficult for conventional compression heat pumps to achieve a temperature rise of more than 50 ℃, and the adaptability of absorption heat pumps to heat sources is limited. In response to this problem, a new wide temperature range thermoelectric dual-drive compression-absorption heat pump cycle was proposed, which coupled the generator in the absorption cycle with the condenser in the compression cycle to form a dual-phase heat exchanger, utilizing industrial waste heat of approximately 60 ℃ to produce high-temperature hot water or steam at around 130 ℃. The operating principle of coupled heat pump units was analyzed, a complete thermodynamic model was constructed, and simulations were conducted using EES software. The simulation results revealed the effects of waste heat outlet temperature, hot water inlet and outlet temperature, condensation temperature of the dual-phase heat exchanger, and compression ratio of the water vapor compressor on the coefficient of performance (COP), system heating capacity, power of the two compressors, and heat exchange of each component. The optimal operating conditions were determined: when the steam compressor ratio was 6 and the condensation temperature of the dual-phase heat exchanger was 70 ℃, the cycle could heat water from 15 ℃ to 122 ℃, with a COP of 1.614. Under the premise of ensuring the performance of the unit, this cycle can increase the water temperature by up to 100 ℃ to 110 ℃, demonstrating application potential in the field of utilizing low-grade waste heat to produce high-temperature hot water or steam.

    Performance simulation and analysis of an isobaric compressed air energy storage system based on Aspen Plus
    HU Xueru, XING Lingli, LI Yuanyuan, SU Wen, LIU Pengfei, DING Ruochen, LIN Xinxing
    2024, 46(12):  72-80.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.009
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    Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is an effective solution for integrating renewable energy generation into the grid and improving grid stability. To reduce the volume of the air storage reservoir and maintain stable system operation, a thermodynamic simulation model for a 100 MW×4 h isobaric compressed air energy storage (I-CAES) system was developed using the industrial process simulation software Aspen Plus. The system's performance was calculated under design conditions, and the effects of compressor outlet temperature and the number of compression-expansion stages on system operation were analyzed. The results showed that when the compressor outlet temperature was 160 ℃, the I-CAES system with 4 compression and 4 expansion stages achieved an energy storage efficiency of 62.61% and an energy storage density of 5.99 kW·h/m³. For every 10 ℃ increase in compressor outlet temperature, both the energy storage density and efficiency increased by 2.66 kW·h/m³ and 1.49 percentage points, respectively. Additionally, for each additional compression-expansion stage, the energy storage density and efficiency increased by 6.34 kW·h/m³ and 0.81 percentage points, respectively.

    Research on multi-objective optimization of envelope structures for nearly zero-energy buildings in Northwest China
    ZHEN Xiaofei, LI Shang'e, ZHANG Yongheng, JIAO Ruonan, WU Wenbing
    2024, 46(12):  81-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.010
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    To address the high investment costs of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) and the uneven construction quality of such buildings in Northwest China, an existing nZEB is selected as the research subject. By comprehensively considering multiple building performance indicators, including energy consumption, cost, carbon emissions, and indoor comfort, an optimization of the envelope structure was conducted. This was achieved through a combination of experimental research and TRNSYS simulation. The optimization process evaluated multiple performance metrics, including energy consumption, cost, carbon emissions, and indoor comfort. The results indicated that under the optimal envelope configuration—where the insulation materials for the ceiling and external walls were polystyrene board and polyurethane, and the insulation layer thicknesses for external walls and ceilings were 100 mm and 110 mm, respectively, with window-to-wall ratios of 0.05, 0.28, and 0.30 for the west, south, and north walls, and an external window shading coefficient of 0.38—the building cost decreased by 9.8% compared to the original design. Meanwhile, improvements were observed in carbon emissions(9.7%), energy consumption(12.1%), and predicted mean vote(10.3%), with the predicted percentage dissatisfied reduced by 28.4%. These findings enhance the comprehensive performance of the building.