Integrated Intelligent Energy

Current status and prospects of key technologies in green hydrogen production industry

ZHUANG Fuhao, WU Jun, ZHU Ruijin, WU Hongmei, TIAN Run, XUE Yurun

2025, 47(10): 1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.001

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Hydrogen energy， as a green， zero-carbon， clean secondary energy， has become an important medium for energy interconnection and a key vector for achieving China's "dual carbon" goals. However， hydrogen technology research， development， and industrial application in China are still in its infancy， and numerous technical problems across the whole industrial chain—such as hydrogen production， storage， transportation， and application—remain to be addressed. Green hydrogen production leverages China's advantages of abundant renewable energy such as wind and solar power to realize the coupled interaction between electricity and hydrogen energy across the source-grid-load systems， thereby enhancing the stable operation of the grid and supporting the large-scale development of renewable energy in China. The current status and development trend of the key technologies of green hydrogen production from various aspects such as hydrogen production， hydrogen storage， transportation， and application are investigated. Green hydrogen demonstrates extensive application scenarios， and producing hydrogen from surplus electricity generated by renewable energy such as wind and solar power is expected to become the mainstream hydrogen production method in the future. Based on the development of China's hydrogen energy industry， typical application scenarios and development recommendations are proposed to provide reference ideas for the development of green hydrogen production industry in China.

Research progress and opportunities in ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cells

MING Chuanwang, ZHAO Yuhao, LYU Youjun, LI Yihang

2025, 47(10): 10-25. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.002

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As a hydrogen energy carrier and zero-carbon fuel， ammonia is considered to have significant potential in clean energy power generation. The application status and future development directions of direct-ammonia solid oxide fuel cells （DA-SOFCs） are thoroughly discussed. DA-SOFCs are classified into oxygen-conducting （O-SOFCs） and proton-conducting （H-SOFCs） types. Their working principles are outlined， along with the selection of electrolyte and electrode materials and the ammonia decomposition process at the anode. The influence of electrolyte type， electrode materials， and operating temperature on cell performance is summarized. Performance differences and their underlying reasons among different DA-SOFC types using NH₃ as fuel are compared and analyzed. O-SOFCs can achieve efficient and synergistic ammonia cracking and electrochemical reactions under high-temperature conditions， but material constraints under such conditions limit their development. H-SOFCs demonstrate promising efficiency， yet face challenges including poor stability of electrolyte materials， weak nitridation resistance of the anode， and low efficiency of ammonia decomposition at lower temperatures.

Economic calculation and price cost analysis of the trigeneration system based on phosphoric acid fuel cells

CHEN Yuan, GUO Xiaohan, WANG Tingjian, XU Peiyun, CHEN Peng, WANG Di, DENG Liangsheng

2025, 47(10): 26-33. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.003

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To address the economic issues of a high-temperature phosphoric acid fuel cell trigeneration system taking natural gas as fuel and taking an energy management contract as operation model， capacity optimization configuration and economic analysis were conducted for a tertiary hospital in southern China based on an instantaneous system simulation program （Trnsys）. The results showed that after fully tapping into the demands for cooling， heating， and electricity， the system achieved 6 000 h of power generation per year， with a self-consumption rate of about 5%， a net power generation efficiency of 40.9%， and an overall energy utilization rate of 75%. Currently， the price of imported equipment is around 12 000 yuan/kW， with a total system investment of about 69 million yuan. The project's investment payback period is 18.73 years， and substantial subsidies are required for successful demonstration and implementation. The system typically operates at a high load factor. In the event of a power outage， it can rapidly ramp up the load within the transition time provided by the uninterruptible power supply， serving as a crucial backup power source. This helps the hospital save about 2.5 million yuan in investment for diesel generator rooms. Considering the localization process of other types of fuel cells in China， if the cost of phosphoric acid fuel cell drops to 6 000 yuan/kW， the project's rate of return on investment will exceed 5%. Under the conditions of low-rate loans， such projects will become a cost-effective， clean， and efficient new form of distributed energy supply.

Economic and low-carbon coordinated optimization scheduling of hydrogen-integrated multi-energy system based on NSGA-Ⅱ

QIU Wenting, DONG Jiale, WU Di, SU Wenjing, ZONG Yi

2025, 47(10): 34-44. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.004

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To address the operational safety issues of hydrogen production equipment in electricity-heat-hydrogen multi-carrier energy systems（MES） and the challenge of balancing economic efficiency with low-carbon operation in scheduling， an optimized scheduling strategy was proposed， integrating the nonlinear dynamic model of the electrolyzer with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ（NSGA-Ⅱ） for multi-objective optimization of the MES. To ensure that the hydrogen production process operates within a safe temperature range， a dynamic model of alkaline electrolyzer was developed， considering the nonlinear effect of stack temperature on electrolysis efficiency. To make use of the strong coupling relationships among various energy resources and the dispatchability of loads in the MES， an integrated demand response mechanism and carbon trading mechanism were introduced to improve the system's economic efficiency and low-carbon operational performance. By integrating the complex nonlinear model of the electrolyzer， a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA-Ⅱ was proposed， and the optimal solution was comprehensively evaluated using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to achieve the optimization scheduling of the MES. Through simulation experiments under different scenarios， the daily total operating costs and carbon emissions of MES were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the multi-objective optimization method combined with NSGA-Ⅱ could significantly reduce the daily total operating costs and carbon emissions of the system. Compared with optimizing the system's economic costs alone， the daily total costs and carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 33.5% and 57.7%， respectively. This validated the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in improving the economic efficiency and low-carbon operation of the electricity-heat-hydrogen MES.

Configuration optimization of hybrid energy storage systems in wind farms based on secondary EMD

ZHANG Kai, WANG Jinxiu, YANG Xuefeng, WANG Qiang, XIAO Shengzhong, LI Peng, SUN Chengwu

2025, 47(10): 45-51. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.005

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Wind-power-based new power systems have become the new development trend in pursuit of "dual carbon" goals. As wind power is volatile and intermittent， its grid connection may compromise the safety and reliability of the power grid. Hybrid energy storage systems（HESS） can mitigate the wind power fluctuation， making their optimal configuration and task allocation critical. This study constructed a HESS combining supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries： low-frequency power was directly grid-connected， while the remaining power was stored. The middle-frequency component was stored in lithium batteries and high-frequency component was stored in supercapacitors. Grid-connected wind power and HESS storage power were quantified via empirical mode decomposition（EMD）. The latter was further decomposed and reconstructed through secondary EMD， allocating the operational tasks between supercapacitors and lithium batteries. This approach reduces the difficulty in HESS capacity configuration and improves wind power absorption capacity. Compared to traditional solutions， the proposed approach reduces investment and maintenance costs by approximately 5.3%， while enhancing system operational stability under extreme conditions.

Coordinated scheduling strategy for wind power integrated power systems considering participation of steel enterprises

GAO Jiansheng, WANG Maxiang, XING Pengsheng, XIAO Zhu

2025, 47(10): 52-59. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.006

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To address the challenges of large-scale renewable energy consumption in the current wind power integrated power systems and the lack of enthusiasm among steel enterprises to participate in scheduling， a coordinated scheduling strategy of wind power systems considering the participation of steel enterprises was proposed. The participation modes of steel enterprises in wind power consumption were analyzed， and modeling was conducted based on the scheduling characteristics of electric arc furnace. The data-driven method was used to generate large-scale scenarios， analyze the combined effect of uncertainties of electric arc furnace and wind power output， and determine the reserve capacity required by the power system to cope with uncertainty fluctuations. Based on the generated scenario set， an adaptive electricity price mechanism for steel enterprises was proposed， which considered the variation of wind power output and source-load fluctuation to encourage their participation in demand response. An optimal scheduling model considering the interests of multiple stakeholders was established and solved by the artificial bee colony algorithm. Numerical examples were then provided to simulate and verify the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method could improve the economic efficiency and wind power consumption of the system while ensuring the scheduling enthusiasm of steel enterprises.

Optimization analysis of a cogeneration system based on methanol synthesis and gas turbine combined cycle

HUANG Ziqi, WU Zhicong, XU Gang, GE Shiyu, CHEN Heng

2025, 47(10): 60-68. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.007

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A new system was proposed to achieve comprehensive optimization of the traditional methanol synthesis system. In this system， the purge gas from methanol synthesis system served as the feed gas for the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle （GTCC）. Additionally， GTCC effectively recovered the heat generated by the methanol synthesis tower， improving overall energy efficiency and power generation capacity. A model of the new system was developed using Aspen Plus software， and its performance was compared with that of the traditional synthesis system. Thermodynamic and sensitivity analyses were conducted for both systems. Thermodynamic analysis results revealed that， compared to the conventional system， the GTCC-integrated methanol synthesis system achieved a 3.53% enhancement in energy efficiency and a 3.66% improvement in exergy efficiency. Sensitivity analysis indicated that under operating conditions with pressures ranging from 3 to 8 MPa， synthesis temperatures between 200 and 300 ℃， split ratio from 0.95 to 0.99， and an H₂/CO₂ molar ratio between 2.5 to 3.5， increasing pressure， adopting a higher split ratio， setting the synthesis temperature at 250 ℃， and maintaining an H₂/CO₂ molar ratio of 3 contributed positively to methanol production.

Adaptability of industrial-civil coupled energy systems under uncertain operating conditions

HUANG Zishuo, DOU Zhenlan, CHEN Jiaying

2025, 47(10): 69-76. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.008

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The comprehensive utilization of industrial waste heat and energy by-products to supply energy for surrounding buildings is an important means of integrated cascade utilization of energy. However， industrial production schedules and building energy consumption are relatively independent， each dominated by different factors. This introduces new uncertainties beyond conventional source-load variations， making the boundary conditions for system design decisions even more complex. Taking an industrial-civil coupled energy system in an industrial park in Shanghai as a case study， typical uncertain operating conditions—including year-by-year meteorological variations， occupancy rates， and energy prices—were defined. Four typical system configuration schemes were selected to quantify the adaptability of the integrated energy supply system to these uncertainties. The calculation results showed that configuring fuel cell combined cooling， heating， and power equipment at 10%—20% of the total installed capacity could significantly enhance system adaptability， and its economic performance under variable scenarios was superior to that of all-electric heat pump systems.

Energy management strategy and configuration optimization of fuel cell combined heat and power system for household consumers

LIU Kaicheng, WANG Songcen, HE Guixiong, JIA Xiaoqiang, LI Jiaxin, WANG Jin, XU Hong

2025, 47(10): 77-87. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.009

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Hydrogen energy is a clean， zero-carbon， long-term storable， flexible， and efficient secondary energy source. The hydrogen-electricity conversion using fuel cells is a crucial application for hydrogen energy to promote the low-carbon transition in the energy and power industry. For household energy use scenarios， a multi-unit mathematical model of a hydrogen fuel cell combined heat and power system was developed， incorporating modules such as fuel cells， electrolytic cells， batteries， hydrogen storage tanks， and heat storage tanks. The electricity and heat load demands of typical regions were analyzed， and a typical daily load curve for household consumers was proposed. Energy management strategies for the system were proposed based on two typical scenarios： peak-valley electricity utilization and clean energy consumption. Preliminary system parameter configurations for each scenario were obtained through multi-parameter joint debugging. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was employed to optimize the system configuration， with economic cost as the objective function. After optimization， the annual average system costs in the scenarios of peak-valley electricity utilization and clean energy consumption were reduced by 7.14% and 6.15%， respectively.

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