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    25 October 2022, Volume 44 Issue 10
    Optimization for Configuration
    Research on two-stage planning optimization approach for community integrated energy systems considering off-design conditions
    WEN Gangcheng, SHI Xin, ZHANG Yi, FANG Fang
    2022, 44(10):  1-11.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.001
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    The community integrated energy system(CIES)can significantly improve energy utilization efficiency and facilitate the consumption of renewable energy through multi-energy complementary and collaborative optimization scheduling.It has become a new energy utilization approach to balance multi-energy supply and demand on user side.Taking a community in Xiong’an New District as the research object,a two-stage optimization approach for the CIES considering off-design conditions is proposed.At the first stage,non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II)with elite preservation strategy is taken to optimize the equipment type and capacity of the community energy station.It is a multi-objective planning optimization problem,aiming at coordinately scheduling the economic costs and environmental costs.At the second stage,operation optimization is made.Considering the uncertainty of wind and PV outputs and taking the system economy,environmental cost and users’ comfort as optimization objects,the multiple Pareto fronts obtained at the first stage are solved by Benders decomposition optimization method and the optimal outputs of different generators in various plans are obtained.The comprehensive costs of different plans are the important indicator for determining the best planning scheme.Case studies show that the designed planning scheme takes the operation uncertainty into consideration at the second stage,and realizes the refined operation simulation by fully considering the characteristics of equipment under variable working conditions.The approach can effectively reduce the system operating cost and guarantee the reliability of power supply,which is practical for instructing the CIES planning.

    State estimation for the distribution network with high-proportion distributed photovoltaic energy
    WANG Yi, YANG Zhiwei, WU Po, LIU Mingyang, PEI Jiecai, LI Chunlei
    2022, 44(10):  12-18.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.002
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    Being of energy conservation,environmental protection,rich reservoir,simple construction and other advantages,distributed energy has been widely connected to the power grid.It is urgent to establish a state estimation method with high accuracy and reliability for the power grid with distributed energy,in order to secure the safe operation of the grid.Taking a distribution network connected PV power generation systems as the research object,the model of the network is established.The PV nodes is switched to PQ nodes since PV has less or no reactive power.Then,a state estimation method for the distribution network connected PV systems is proposed based on an improved weighted least square method.Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed state estimation method for the distribution network with photovoltaic energy is verified by an IEEE 33-bus system.

    Optimal configuration of integrated energy system based on improved quantum particle swarm optimization
    WANG Xiang, HU Ming, YAN Yan, WANG Ruirui
    2022, 44(10):  19-24.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.003
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    Traditional energy systems can hardly meet the ever-changing requirements of energy mix adjustment and users' demand.But an integrated energy system can give full play to the complementarity of the coupled cold,heat and electrical energy.Therefore,with the optimal system economy as the optimization objective,the capacities of gas turbines,gas boilers,heat storage tanks,absorption chillers and electric chillers in an integrated energy system model are optimized by improved quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm (IQPSO).Compared the results with those of other search algorithms,it is found out that of the IQPSO can take the economy and environmental protection into account at the same time,which optimizes the system configuration parameters and provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent energy-supply system planning.

    Optimal Operation and Control
    Frequency distributed model predictive control strategy for the new power system considering virtual inertia of wind turbines
    QU Taotao, QI Xiao, JIANG Wenke, DU Ming, PAN Yan
    2022, 44(10):  25-32.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.004
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    Under the "dual carbon" target,large-scale wind power grid connection poses a serious threat to frequency safety of new power systems. Virtual inertia control and model predictive frequency control are the main research directions to solve the problem above. However, in the current research on model prediction frequency control,the virtual inertia control process is seldom taken into account in the prediction model, resulting in insufficient prediction accuracy and interference in frequency control. Thus,a frequency distributed model predictive control strategy considering virtual inertia control of wind turbines is proposed.Virtual inertia control is designed to give play to the frequency modulation capability of wind turbines. To deal with the variation of system equivalent inertia led by virtual inertia control, the frequency control prediction model considering virtual inertia of wind turbines is reconstructed. Finally, a frequency distributed model predictive controller is designed according to the reconstructed model, and its effectiveness is verified by the model of a four-area interconnected power system established in Matlab/Simulink.

    Active disturbance rejection control on load frequency of multi-area power systems with high-proportion renewable energy
    LI Pengzhen, LIU Yanhong, WU Zhenlong
    2022, 44(10):  33-41.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.005
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    Due to the fluctuation and randomness of renewable energy,the load frequency of a multi-area renewable energy power system is varied, complex and difficult to be controlled. In order to improve the stability of power systems,a cascade active disturbance rejection control method based on multi-objective genetic algorithm for the load frequency control of multi-area renewable energy power systems is proposed. The method can boost the anti-disturbance performance of the system by introducing cascade structure to linear active disturbance rejection control, and reduce the deviation of the frequency and tie-line power by taking multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of the designed controller. In addition,the simulation results of the power system under different control strategies are compared. The results show that the designed control system has good dynamic performance,and can quickly eliminate the disturbance and maintain the stability of the system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed controller.

    Temperature control for a SOFC-GT hybrid power system based on gain scheduling model predictive control
    WANG Li, LI Bei, ZHANG Fan, CHEN Jinwei
    2022, 44(10):  42-49.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.006
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    Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been widely used due to their high power generation efficiency and low pollutant emissions.Working temperature is a main factor affecting the service life and performance of an SOFC.In order to ensure its long-term safe operation,it is necessary to control the working temperature within a certain range.However,SOFCs are of strong coupling and significant nonlinear characteristics,especially working under large temperature differences.A temperature control strategy based on gain scheduling model predictive control is designed for the SOFC temperature controller in a solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid power system.The strategy can ensure the safe operation of the SOFC-GT hybrid power system by controlling the SOFC operating temperature in a wide range of operating conditions.

    Active disturbance rejection controller design based on scheduling signal
    WANG You, SUN Liming, XUE Yali
    2022, 44(10):  50-56.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.007
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    In the process of energy structure transformation and on the way to "dual carbon",thermal power units play an important role in securing power-supply safety and flexible load regulation.In order to improve the control on the thermodynamic process with large inertia and nonlinear characteristics in the case of frequent wide-load regulations with thermal units,a design of a feedforward compensated active disturbance rejection controller(ADRC) based on scheduling signal is proposed.By introducing the scheduling signal to the ADRC,the information of the dynamic model in the controlled process under off-design working conditions can be taken to set and adjust variable parameters of feedforward controllers,feedback controllers, compensators and extended state observers in real time.The proposed design can improve the adaptability of the feedforward compensated ADRC to large inertia and off-design working conditions.The effectiveness and feasibility of the design is proven by the simulation of a thermal unit’s main steam pressure control.The proposed ADRC is of simple structure and operability of parameter setting and on-site adjustment,showing excellent application prospects.

    Design of a hybrid active disturbance rejection control based on probabilistic robustness
    SHI Gengjin, LI Donghai, DING Yanjun
    2022, 44(10):  57-64.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.008
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    Superheated steam temperature (SST) is a vital parameter for the daily operation of a coal-fired power unit because it is related to the efficiency and the safety of the unit. Due to SST's characteristics of large inertia and delay, cascade control strategies are usually applied to the control of the parameter. However, the structures of cascade control systems are complex, which brings challenges to the tuning of controllers. A hybrid active disturbance rejection controller (HADRC) can simplify the control structure of SST and perform satisfying control. Nevertheless, uncertainties caused by the access of renewable energy systems exist. The original HADRC designed based on the nominal system is unable to handle with uncertainties effectively. To meet the control requirements under variable working conditions with maximum probability,a HADRC is designed based on the stochastic analysis method—probabilistic robustness(PR). Simulation results illustrate that the PR-based HADRC is of fast dynamic performance and strong robustness, which shows its promising prospect in future applications to coal-fired power units.

    Energy Management and Economic Analysis
    Study on the influence of technical and economic factors on the economy of a natural gas distributed energy system
    FENG Lejun, FU Zhihao, LIU Feng, GONG Yutong, LI Yimin, HAN Dongjiang, SUI Jun
    2022, 44(10):  65-70.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.009
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    A natural gas distributed energy system can realize the cascade utilization of energy by providing cooling,heating and electric power. Its advantages include energy saving, economy and environmental protection. Taking static payback period as its economy evaluation index ,the influence of various parameters on the economy of a distributed energy system is analyzed from the technical and economic perspectives. Through sensitivity analysis, energy saving rate, investment cost, operating time and gas-electricity price ratio are taken as the main factors. Taking payback period as the optimization objective, the boundary of each main parameter under different payback periods is analyzed, which provides guidance for the actual projects and policy making of distributed energy systems.

    Modeling and economic benefit analysis of an offshore wind power-underwater compressed air energy storage system
    YU Sixian, ZHOU Yunkang, LIU Leiwei, HE Ting
    2022, 44(10):  71-82.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.010
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    On the path of dual carbon target, developing new energy, such as solar power and wind power, is the inevitable approach to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the energy industry in China. But the volatility and randomness of wind energy will threat the stability and security of power grids. Thus, energy storage technology is applied in combination with wind power in practical applications, to smooth the power output from wind farms and alleviate the impact on power grids. The model of an offshore wind power-underwater compressed air energy storage system is established and simulated. The energy efficiency and economic benefit of the system are analyzed by combining random probability calculation and real data fitting. The results show that under volatile wind speeds, power generation rate and theoretical average return of the system can reach 65% and 11 675 yuan/d, respectively, and the total profit of the system can be 13.46 million yuan in its 20-year service life.

    Smart building energy management strategy based on stochastic model predictive control
    ZHANG Yi, FANG Fang
    2022, 44(10):  83-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.011
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    Buildings are major energy consumers and carbon emission sources in China.Building energy management systems are vital to improve the energy utilization efficiency,save energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions.However,the prediction uncertainties of ambient temperature,solar irradiation and other environmental factors are detrimental to the economy of the whole system.Accordingly,a smart building energy management method based on chance-constrained stochastic model predictive control considering the characteristics of buildings'heat storage is proposed.By introducing the building thermal dynamic characteristics into the building energy system model,the proposed method descripts the probability of the state constraint violation caused by the prediction deviation of outdoor temperature and solar irradiation.Combining the chance constraint and affine disturbance feedback,the probability constraint can be transformed into deterministic constraint.Then,a smart building energy management model based on chance-constrained stochastic model predictive control is constructed,to realize the optimal operation of each energy-consuming equipment.The simulation results have shown that the proposed method can effectively reduce the operating costs caused by the uncertainty prediction on environmental factors and improve the comfortableness and robustness of the overall system.