碳中和体系解读

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1951.2021.06.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

应对全球气候变化,加速全社会绿色低碳转型,尽早实现碳中和,是全人类的共同期望。为系统了解碳中和背景,掌握概念体系,把握发展战略,判定实施路径,介绍了碳中和起源和国内外背景及形势、主要国家的碳中和目标,界定了碳达峰、碳中和相关术语概念,描述并分析了欧盟、英国、日本、中国、美国等的低碳发展战略,最后分析归纳了实现碳中和目标的10个关键方法或技术。

关键词: 气候变化, 温室气体, 碳达峰, 碳中和, 概念, 战略, 关键方法或技术

Abstract:

In response to global climate change,it is the shared vision of humanity to accelerate the transition to a green and low-emission society and achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. In order to comprehensively understand the background and concept system of carbon neutrality, we must take the development strategy and choose suitable implementation path. The origin of carbon neutrality, its status quo at home and abroad and carbon neutrality targets of major countries are introduced. The concepts of carbon peaking, carbon neutrality and other terminologies are defined. In addition, the low-carbon development strategies of EU, UK, Japan, China and US are analyzed. In the end, ten key solutions / technologies to achieve carbon neutrality are summarized.

Key words: climate change, greenhouse gas, carbon peaking, carbon neutrality, concept, strategy, key solutions/technologies

中图分类号:

X321

张晋宾, 周四维. 碳中和体系解读[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(6): 1-10.

ZHANG Jinbin, ZHOU Siwei. Interpretation on carbon neutrality system[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(6): 1-10.

图/表 14

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图5

表1

世界主要国家或地区碳中和目标

国家或地区	碳中和目标		备注
国家或地区	年份	状态	备注
阿根廷	2050	提交UNFCCC	2020年12月提交联合国^[7]
澳大利亚	2050—2100	对《巴黎协定》的承诺
奥地利	2040	联盟协定	2020年1月联合政府承诺2040年实现气候中和、2030年实现100%清洁电力^[8]
比利时	2050	政策立场
巴西	2060	提交UNFCCC	2020年12月提交联合国^[9]
加拿大	2050	政策立场	特鲁多总理于2020年11月提交了相关法律草案^[10]
中国	2060	政策立场	习近平主席于2020年9月23日,在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上提出：中国力争2030年前碳达峰,2060年前碳中和^[11]
丹麦	2050	立法	2030年起禁售汽/柴油车^[12]
欧盟	2050	政治协定	2019年12月“绿色新政”确立欧盟2050年碳中和目标（波兰是唯一持不同意见的国家,拒绝承诺执行）^[13]。2020年3月提交联合国^[14]
芬兰	2035	联盟协定	2019年6月5个政党一致同意强化该国的气候法^[15]
法国	2050	立法	2019年6月27日议员投票将净零排放目标纳入法律^[16]
匈牙利	2050	立法	2020年6月通过气候中和气候法^[17]
德国	2050	立法	德国第1部主要气候法于2019年12月生效,详细列出了未来10年各行业的年度排放预算^[18]
日本	2050	意向声明	2020年10月菅义伟首相宣布,将于2050年前实现碳中和^[19]
新西兰	2050	立法	2019年11月立法设定了除生物甲烷（主要来自绵羊和牛）外的所有温室气体的净零排放目标;到2050年,生物甲烷排放将在2017年的基础上削减24%~47%^[20]
挪威	2050（实际） 2030（补偿）	政策立场	议会同意国内实现2050年目标,通过国际碳补偿实现2030年目标^[21]
新加坡	2050—2100	提交UNFCCC	2020年3月提交联合国^[22]
南非	2050	政策立场	2020年9月公布了低排放发展战略（LEDS）^[23]
韩国	2050	政策立场	2020年10月文在寅总统公开承诺,将于2050年前实现碳中和^[24]
西班牙	2050	立法（草案）	2020年5月提交法律草案^[25]
瑞典	2045	立法	2017年6月立法^[26]
瑞士	2050	提交UNFCCC	2020年12月提交联合国^[27]
乌克兰	2060	政策立场	2021年3月发布的《2030经济战略》中,提出了不晚于2060年实现碳中和的计划^[28]
英国	2050	立法	2019年6月立法^[29]
美国	2050	政策立场	2021年1月《关于应对国内外气候危机的行政命令》中提出：不迟于2050年实现全经济范围内净零排放^[30]

表1

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表2

图9

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图11

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温室气体	化学分子式	辐射效率/(W•m^-2•ppb^-1)	给定时间范围内的GWP
温室气体	化学分子式	辐射效率/(W•m^-2•ppb^-1)	20年	100年	500年
二氧化碳	CO₂	1.40×10^-5	1	1	1
甲烷	CH₄	3.70×10^-4	72	25	7.6
氧化亚氮	N₂O	3.03×10^-3	289	298	153
哈龙-1301	CBrF₃	0.32	8 480	7 140	2 760
哈龙-1211	CBrClF2	0.30	4 750	1 890	575
哈龙-1201	CHBrF₂	0.14	1 380	404	123
哈龙-2402	CBrF₂CBrF₂	0.33	3 680	1 640	503
四氯化碳	CCl₄	0.13	2 700	1 400	435
甲基氯仿	CH₃CCl₃	0.06	506	146	45
六氟化硫	SF₆	0.52	16 300	22 800	32 600
三氟化氮	NF₃	0.21	12 300	17 200	20 700
三氟甲基五氟化硫	SF₅CF₃	0.57	13 200	17 700	21 200