Review on application and development of grid-forming technology in microgrids

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.11.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the construction of a new-type power system， grid-forming technology has emerged as a crucial solution to the core challenges in microgrids， including inertia deficiency， frequency fluctuations， and voltage instability. The technical principles and development trajectories of grid-forming control strategies are systematically reviewed. Based on typical engineering cases， the three-stage evolution of grid-forming equipment from demonstration verification to intelligent development is analyzed. Focusing on three representative scenarios in microgrids， namely islanded operation， grid-connected switching， and multi-microgrid coordination， the functional advantages and implementation mechanisms of grid-forming technology in enhancing system stability are thoroughly investigated. To address existing challenges such as control real-time performance， equipment reliability， and economic efficiency， future development directions including intelligent algorithm optimization， novel topology development， and multi-energy domain coordination are proposed， which provide theoretical support for the large-scale application of grid-forming technology in microgrids.

Key words: new energy grid integration, microgrid, grid-forming control, grid-forming equipment, typical scenario analysis, new-type power system

LIU Haitao, ZHANG Wenxiao, YANG Chenchen, MA Junkai, QIAO Zhiming, XIA Yang, XU Lun. Review on application and development of grid-forming technology in microgrids[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(11): 36-51.

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References 72

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比较维度	GFL	GFM
控制目标	跟随主电网电压和频率运行	自主建立电压和频率
同步方式	依赖PLL同步	内部频率生成器、无需外部参考
频率/电压支撑能力	被动提供，响应延迟，电压控制弱	主动调节输出电压，具备强无功支撑能力
惯量特性	无惯量响应功能	可模拟惯量与阻尼，增强频率稳定性
故障穿越能力	容易失稳	能主动控制电压、电流限幅，具备一定故障穿越能力
适应性与鲁棒性	对弱电网适应性差，受系统阻抗影响大	可主动稳定弱电网，鲁棒性强
典型应用场景	常用于强网接入的光伏、风电等变流器	适用于孤岛运行、弱电网支撑、多微网协调

同步机特性	GFM模块	对应VSG算法
转子惯性	有功功率环的积分环节	虚拟转子运动方程
调频调压特性	有功/无功下垂控制	模拟调速器与励磁调节器
电压源输出	电压内环的幅值/相位控制	同步机定子电动势模型

发展阶段	工程名称	地区	时间	主要的构网型装备配置	主要控制策略	创新点/突破
初期示范阶段	南麂岛微电网^[40]	中国	2012年	锂电储能（变流器）	下垂控制	验证海岛微电网可行性
	珠海东澳岛微电网^[41]	中国	2009年	储能系统（变流器）	下垂控制	实现海岛微电网平滑模式切换
	Kalaeloa 微电网^[42]	美国	2011年	储能系统（变流器）	下垂控制	首个兆瓦级储能主导的微电网
	曼海姆微电网^[43]	德国	2012年	传统同步电源（柴油机组）+电力电子变流器	下垂控制	传统同步电源参与微电网的早期示范
技术突破阶段	江苏大丰微电网^[44]	中国	2017年	风机（逆变器）+储能（变流器）	VSG控制	实现风机构网型改造
	MIGRATE 项目^[45]	欧盟	2019年	风电集群（逆变器）	VSG控制	风电场集群构网型应用
	Hornsdale 储能^[46]	澳大利亚	2017年	锂电池（变流器）	VSG+MPC混合控制	大型构网型储能应用
智能化发展阶段	福建湄洲岛微电网^[47]	中国	2021年	光伏（逆变器）+风电（逆变器）+ 混合储能系统（变流器）	自适应VSG	实现VSG控制和智能调节的联合应用
	NREL实验平台^[48	美国	2021年	多类型逆变器集群	数字优化控制	数字生成技术验证
	Orkney 微电网^[49]	英国	2022年	潮汐发电+储能（变流器）	阻抗重塑VSG	海洋能源构网型应用和智能调节的联合应用

应用场景	核心需求	关键技术手段	典型设备
孤岛运行	自主建压/频率稳定	VSG控制、复合电压启动	GF-PCS、构网型逆变器
并网切换	柔性并网/故障穿越	VSG与其他技术的混合控制	构网型逆变器、静止同步补偿器
多微网协同	跨微网功率互济	虚拟电阻预同步、阻抗重塑	柔性直流换流站、储能系统