Review on solid particle thermal energy storage technology： Mechanisms， materials， devices and applications

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.06.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of global low-carbon energy transition， the intermittency of renewable energy， the severe mismatch between energy supply and demand and other prominent energy challenges are positioning energy storage technology as a core support for renewable energy integration. Solid particle thermal energy storage technology has significant advantages， including a wide operating temperature range， stable thermal cycling， and environmental friendliness， showing great application potential in concentrated solar power， industrial waste heat recovery， and other fields. To clarify the application scenarios of different solid particle materials， the internal relationships are elucidated following the main line of "thermal energy storage mechanisms-solid particle materials-thermal energy storage devices-engineering applications"， whereby thermal energy storage mechanisms determine material adaptability， material properties constrain device structures， and device design supports practical applications. Solid particles can serve as media for four technical pathways： sensible heat storage（SHS）， latent heat storage（LHS）， thermochemical heat storage（TCHS）， and composite thermal energy storage（CTES）. The principles of each pathway， suitable typical particle materials， and their key thermophysical parameters are analyzed. SHS technology is mature but materials have low thermal density； LHS has higher thermal density and stable heat release， but materials face challenges like supercooling and encapsulation leakage； TCES materials have high thermal density but slow reaction rates， requiring gas processing systems which increase the initial investment； CTES materials have large interfacial thermal resistance but can improve system stability. The structures and working principles of three mainstream thermal energy storage devices—fixed beds， moving beds， and fluidized beds—are analyzed in depth. By clarifying the heat transfer correlation equations and characteristics （particle size， particle loss， and pressure drop） of different fluidized beds，the application scenarios and existing challenges of different devices are summarized. Specifically， packed beds are suitable for large particles， moving beds for medium particles， and fluidized beds for fine particles （e.g.， microencapsulated phase change and thermochemical particles）. By constructing a complete technical framework from materials to engineering implementation， the findings provide a technical basis for the rapid development and engineering application of solid particle thermal energy storage. Solid particle thermal energy storage technology will focus on high-value utilization of solid waste in terms of materials， optimization of bed structure and low-wear conveying technology in terms of devices， and integration of materials， devices， and intelligent monitoring platforms in terms of the whole thermal storage system in the future.

Key words: solid particle, thermal energy storage, sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, phase change material, packed bed, fluidized bed

CLC Number:

TK01：TM471

ZHENG Hao, XIONG Yaxuan, QIAN Xiangyao, ZOU Jing, WU Yuting. Review on solid particle thermal energy storage technology： Mechanisms， materials， devices and applications[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2026, 48(6): 1-15.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig.1

Table 6

Heat transfer-related mathematical equations for packed beds

应用场景	换热公式	适用范围	文献
预测湍流条件下，球形颗粒固定床中流体与颗粒之间的对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=0.35\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}}^{0.7}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}{\left(\frac{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{0.19}$	$1.00\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}\le 1.99\times {10}^{5}$， $0.70\le \mathit{P}\mathit{r}\le 17.00$， $0.35\le \mathit{\varepsilon }\le 0.6$0， $1.27\le \frac{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\le 193.00$， $2.00\le \frac{\mathit{L}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\le 240.00$	[100]
预测层流条件下，球形颗粒固定床中流体与颗粒之间的对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=0.14\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}^{0.9}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.33}\mathrm{ }{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{-0.62}{\left(\frac{\mathit{L}}{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{0.2}$		[100]
预测球形或非球形颗粒填充床在过渡流与湍流条件下的强制对流传热强度	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=0.430\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}}^{0.58}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}+1.274$	$15.0\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}\le 3\mathrm{ }000.0$	[101]
预测不规则烧结颗粒随机填充床在湍流条件下的气-固对流传热	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=2.0+0.903\mathrm{ }{\left(\mathit{\Phi }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)}^{0.772}{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{0.391}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}$	$393.0<\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{p}}<3\mathrm{ }319.0$	[102]
预测密实填充的单分散球形颗粒固定床中气体与颗粒之间的对流传热	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=2.67\mathrm{ }\left(\pm 1.48\right)+0.53\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.53}\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.77}$	$9.0<\mathit{R}\mathit{e}<180.0$， $0.5<\mathit{P}\mathit{r}<1.0$	[103]
预测均匀球形颗粒随机固定床在中等固含率和低雷诺数下的气-固对流传热	$\mathit{N}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{(-0.46+1.77\mathit{\varepsilon }+0.69{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2})}{{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2}}+\left(1.37-2.4\mathit{\varepsilon }+1.2{\mathit{\varepsilon }}^{2}\right)\mathrm{ }\mathit{R}{{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}}^{0.7}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{1/3}$	$0.5\le \mathit{\varepsilon }\le 1.0$$1.0\le \mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{D}}\le 100.0$	[104]

Table 6

Fig.2

Table 7

Heat transfer correlations for typical flow channel structures

应用场景	换热关联式	应用范围	文献
带错位矩形肋的直通道	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=0.103\mathrm{ }4\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.705\mathrm{ }4}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.348\mathrm{ }9}$	$2\mathrm{ }700<\mathit{R}\mathit{e}<3\mathrm{ }800$， $0.8<\mathit{P}\mathit{r}<25$.0	[115]
带错位翼型肋的直通道	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$\mathrm{ }0.060\mathrm{ }1\mathit{R}{\mathit{e}}^{0.729\mathrm{ }6}\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{r}}^{0.345\mathrm{ }0}$		[115]
错位布置的圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.089\mathrm{ }54\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.726\mathrm{ }50}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.605\mathrm{ }2}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.314\mathrm{ }77}$	$\mathit{P}\mathit{e}={\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mathit{c}}_{\mathrm{s}}{\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathit{D}/{\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{s}}$， $31.3\le \mathit{P}\mathit{e}\le 125.5$， ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}=1.5,\mathrm{ }2.0,\mathrm{ }2.5,\mathrm{ }3.0$， ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}=2.0,\mathrm{ }3.0,\mathrm{ }4.0,\mathrm{ }5.0$	[116]
顺排布置的圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$0.522\mathrm{ }90\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.346\mathrm{ }54}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.442\mathrm{ }44}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.116\mathrm{ }06}$		[116]
错位布置的椭圆形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.148\mathrm{ }72\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.346\mathrm{ }54}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.725\mathrm{ }43}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.272\mathrm{ }56}$		[116]
错位布置的六边形肋	$\mathit{N}\mathit{u}=$$1.399\mathrm{ }76\mathrm{ }\mathit{P}{\mathit{e}}^{0.291\mathrm{ }08}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{-0.808\mathrm{ }22}\mathrm{ }{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathit{D}\right)}^{0.223\mathrm{ }98}$		[116]

Table 7

Fig.3

Table 8

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材料	${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{s}}$/[W·(m·K)^-1]	${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{p}}$/[J·（kg·K）^-1]	${\mathit{\rho }}_{\mathrm{s}}$/（kg·m^-3）	文献
沙子	0.3~0.4	800.0~1 100.0	1 000	[21]
石英砂	0.2	1 268.0	1 480	[22]
天然岩石	1.2~5.7	600.0~1 230.0	2 200~3 000	[26]
混凝土	0.9~5.0	916.0~1 130.0	2 240~2 770	[27]
铜	385.0	376.8	8 960	[22]
氧化铝	30.0	1 117.0	3 900	[23]
钢渣	1.5~3.0（室温）， 3.5~5.0（800 ℃）	0.7~1.0	3 000~3 800	[25]

制备方法		芯材	壳材	文献
化学法	乳液聚合	辛酸	聚苯乙烯	[41]
	原位聚合	石蜡	二氧化硅	[42]
	悬浮聚合	正十八烷	聚甲基丙烯酸月桂酯	[43]
	界面聚合	石蜡	聚氨酯	[44]
物理化学法	溶胶-凝胶法	正十八烷	二氧化硅	[37]
	凝聚法	辛酸	脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂	[45]
	自组装法	石蜡	碳酸钙	[46]
物理机械法囊	喷雾干燥	石蜡	明胶和阿拉伯胶	[47]
	流化床涂层	十九烷	二氧化钛、丙烯酸聚合物	[48]
	一步法	十九烷	二氧化硅	[49]

反应物	反应式	储能密度/（J·g^-1）	工作温度/℃
氢氧化物	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}{\left(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}\right)}_{2}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}$	1 460	400~600
氢氧化物	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}{\left(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}\right)}_{2}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{O}$	1 300	350
碳酸盐	$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	1 585	1 200
碳酸盐	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	1 790	850
氢化物	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$	4 934	>1 000
氢化物	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$	2 811	300~400
氧化物	$4\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	811	1 042/1 021 （red/ox）
氧化物	$2\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{O}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$	474	714/704（red/ox）

反应物	反应式	储热密度/[GJ·m^-³]	温度/℃	文献
水合盐	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·4{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.9	200	[56]
	$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}·{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.7±0.5	62	[57]
	$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}·7{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}·{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	0.3	122	[58]
	${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}·1.5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow {\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}+1.5{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$	1.3	85~150	[59]
沸石	$\mathrm{沸}\mathrm{石}13\mathrm{X}·\mathit{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{沸}\mathrm{石}+\mathit{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$	19.7~50.1	90~100	[60]

支撑材料		PCM材料	潜热储存密度/（J·g^-1）	PCM导热系数/[W·(m·K)^-1]	复合导热系数/[W·(m·K)^-1]	文献
泡沫金属	FC	石蜡	170.4	0.065~0.487	2.879~3.112	[65]
	FC	SAT	27.1	0.590	6.800	[74]
	AF	石蜡	233.0	0.210	4.750	[75]
	AF	RT44	160.0	0.200		[76]
	NF	RT-44HC	256.0	0.210		[77]
	NF	石蜡	90.0	0.190	4.370	[78]
有机多孔聚合物	PHPs	十八醇	261.2	0.141	0.153~0.165	[79]
	PHPs	十六醇	273.2	0.141	0.157~0.175	[80]
	PLA	HDPE	192.2			[81]
	PA6	PEG		0.300	0.420	[82]
碳基三维多孔材料	EG	石蜡	206.2	0.355	1.492	[83]
	GF	石蜡	206.0	0.240	2.600	[84]
	CF	PEG	213.7	0.210	0.380~0.680	[85]
	GA	石蜡	203.0	0.309	0.617	[86]
多孔陶瓷	硅藻土	KNO₃	100.0	0.450		[87]
	MgO	NaLiCO₃	347.9		2.600~5.810	[88]
	Al₂O₃	十八醇	238.5	0.415	1.876	[89]
	SiC	LiNO₃/NaCl	357.6	1.073	2.780	[90]