Integrated Intelligent Energy

Large-scale gravity energy storage technology for solid flow in areas with large altitude differences

ZHOU Kai, WU Yanxi, HUANG Yuxiang, YANG Jinghao, FAN Xiaochao, LI Jianwei, WEI Zhizong, TENG Jian, CHEN Li, YE Qin, ZHANG Hao, JIANG Junnan

2025, 47(8): 1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.001

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The development of new gravity energy storage technologies is widespread both domestically and internationally. However， current applications of gravity energy storage are constrained by natural conditions and equipment efficiency， making it difficult to construct large-scale and high-capacity energy storage power stations. Based on China's existing resource endowments， a solid flow gravity energy storage method was proposed， which utilized naturally formed large altitude differences to construct large-scale gravity energy storage power stations， ensuring the stable operation of high-proportion new energy and new power systems. The working principle， composition structure， core technology， energy conversion， and safety and stability of solid flow gravity energy storage technology were explained. The performance parameters of several mainstream gravity energy storage technologies were compared， followed by an investment cost analysis of solid flow gravity energy storage technology under different altitude scenarios. The engineering research significance of the proposed method was clarified， along with its concept of ecological environment transformation. Although this technology is still in its initial stage， it is of great significance for promoting research in the field of gravity energy storage in China.

Fault diagnosis technology for lithium-ion batteries based on electro-thermal coupling model

YU Ziyi, PAN Tinglong, GE Ke, DOU Zhenlan, XU Dezhi

2025, 47(8): 10-20. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.002

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With the rapid development of new energy vehicles， the safety of lithium-ion batteries， a core component of power batteries， has become increasingly crucial. Therefore， a fault diagnosis technology for lithium-ion batteries based on an electro-thermal coupling model was proposed. By integrating the electrical and thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries， an electro-thermal coupling model was established. The relative errors of the voltage and surface temperature predicted by the model were both less than 1%， providing a more accurate description of battery performance. The model combined a second-order Thevenin equivalent circuit model with a lumped parameter thermal model， dynamically reflecting the influence of current and voltage on temperature while accounting for the feedback effects of temperature on electrical parameters. The model parameters were identified using the Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares （FFRLS） algorithm， and state estimation was conducted with an Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter （AEKF）. The differences between measured and estimated values enabled accurate fault diagnosis of the batteries. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method successfully monitored battery states under various fault conditions and identified and diagnosed faults through combined voltage and temperature monitoring.

Research on wind-storage self-synchronizing frequency regulation strategy based on intermediate layer control

ZHEN Wenxi, MA Xiping, DAI Yuehong, NIU Wei, CHEN Baixu, ZENG Gui

2025, 47(8): 21-29. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.003

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With the continuous expansion of power grids and increasing penetration of renewable energy， wind power， as a key component of clean energy， plays an increasingly important role in power grid frequency regulation. However， the volatility and intermittency of wind power pose new challenges to traditional grid frequency regulation strategies. To address this issue， the strategy of energy storage-based virtual synchronous frequency regulation was analyzed， with an in-depth investigation of wind-storage integrated primary frequency regulation control technology. An adaptive inertia response control method， based on variable coefficient bang-bang control， was employed to optimize the allocation of frequency regulation power. A wind-storage integrated frequency regulation control strategy based on intermediate layer was proposed to achieve more efficient control through hierarchical management. The simulation results showed that the proposed strategy effectively regulated grid frequency during fluctuations and reduced frequency deviations. It optimized the allocation of frequency regulation power between wind farm and energy storage system during changes in grid frequency， significantly enhancing the stability and reliability of the power system.

Bidding strategies and value allocation mechanism for multi-type electric energy trading with participation of shared energy storage

CHU Longhao, LI Xiaozhu

2025, 47(8): 30-39. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.004

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To address the challenges brought by insufficient flexible regulation resources in the new power systems， the market-oriented reform is promoted and diversified market entities are cultivated in China's electricity sector， to address the value allocation issues related to shared energy storage in meeting multiple regulation demands， a new operational model for the participation of shared energy storage in multi-type power source markets is proposed， along with a flexibility resource value allocation mechanism based on the Vickrey Clarke Groves（VCG） mechanism. The operational model included three layers： the market layer， the bidding layer， and the dispatch layer， with decisions at each layer influencing one another. The electricity trading mechanism consisted of winning bidding decisions and financial settlement. The winning bidding decisions were based on the utility functions of multi-type power source operators to maximize social welfare. The VCG mechanism was applied to accurately identify and allocate the value of contributions made by different market participants in the electricity market. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed value allocation mechanism were verified using empirical data from the northwest new energy convergence region in China.

Vehicle-vehicle energy mutual aid control strategy for electric vehicles

ZHAI Shuo, ZHANG Zhiyuan, WANG Weisheng, TIAN Runduo, ZHANG Weizhi, WANG Rui

2025, 47(8): 40-48. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.005

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With the transformation of global energy structure， electric vehicles（EVs） are becoming a trend in transportation industry due to their advantages in energy saving and emission reduction. However， the charging problems worry the EV consumers. Energy mutual aid devices are proposed for those EVs which cannot get energy replenishment from any surrounding EV charging pile when they are in low-batter state. In such a case，EVs nearby with sufficient energy can fuel those run out of power. For the problem that the output voltage of an EV power battery is too low to charge another EV directly， a quadratic boost converter and its equation of state are constructed. The converter not only lights the weight the device， but also provides a wide voltage gain to meet the need of fast charging of all EVs. To address the shortcomings of the conventional voltage mode controller of the quadratic boost converter， an improved voltage mode controller is proposed which avoids the trade-off between transient-state and steady-state performance due to the integration link of the conventional voltage mode controller. Also， the improved controller can make the controlled system output qualified DC power with less feedbacks. Simulation results show that when the voltage of the vehicle supplying power changes， the output voltage of the vehicle-vehicle energy mutual aid device can quickly stabilize around 300， 500， and 800 V， and provide 30 kW charging power that can meets the fast charging demands.

Optimization planning of distribution networks with multiple energy resources and energy storage coordination

WANG Difan, WEI Fei, JIANG Deyu, HAN Shushan, LI Zhongkai, ZHANG Shenglin, WANG Zhengwei, CHEN Heng

2025, 47(8): 49-57. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.006

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With the large-scale integration of distributed energy resources such as small thermal power units， energy storage systems， wind turbines， photovoltaic systems， and electric vehicle charging stations， it is essential to optimize the system operating costs and transmission loss in distribution networks. Based on the output of multiple distributed energy resources and the load demand at different time periods within distribution networks， a multi-objective optimization model was established to analyze different line planning schemes for distribution networks. An improved multi-objective grey wolf optimizer integrated with the forward/backward sweep algorithm was used for optimization to optimize voltage and output of distributed energy resources at each node. Planning route scenarios with different typical characteristics were developed to analyze the effect of electric vehicle access at different nodes on line loss and system operating costs， thereby obtaining the optimal line planning scheme. Simulation calculations were conducted using the IEEE 33-bus system. The results showed that compared to traditional single-source power supply methods， the integration of distributed energy resources reduced transmission loss by 52.39%. Additionally， the hybrid system combining renewable energy with electric vehicle charging stations could effectively reduce system operating costs， providing a reference for large-scale integration of charging stations into distribution networks in the future.

Research on integrated power allocation strategy of source-network-load-storage for microgrids

WANG Yuxuan, HAO Ning, ZHAO Feng, JIANG Jun, ZHANG Guokun, BIAN Wenjie, SHANG Heng

2025, 47(8): 58-67. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.007

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To address the issues of poor long-term operational capability and uncoordinated energy scheduling in DC microgrid systems coupled with photovoltaic （PV）， lithium batteries， supercapacitors （SC）， proton exchange membrane （PEM） electrolyzers， and micro gas turbines， a dynamic power distribution strategy based on the coordinated optimization of state of charge （SOC） of lithium batteries and hydrogen storage level （LOH） in hydrogen storage tanks is proposed. The strategy established a hierarchical coordinated control architecture： the upper control layer generated system power distribution methods based on the switching logic of four typical operating conditions and optimization targets for SOC and LOH； the lower control layer achieved dynamic power distribution among SC， lithium batteries， and the hydrogen energy system. Under this strategy， when PV output was insufficient， the micro gas turbine was activated for hydrogen-powered supply. When PV output was surplus， the residual power was dynamically distributed based on SOC and LOH to charge lithium batteries or generate hydrogen with PEM electrolyzers. This reduced the damage to the battery's lifespan caused by prolonged deep charge/discharge cycles. A DC microgrid model coupling PV， hydrogen production， energy storage， and micro gas turbines was established on the Matlab/Simulink platform and verified through simulations. The results show that the proposed power distribution strategy effectively regulates energy storage devices， appropriately allocates the surplus power， and ensures the efficient and stable operation of the microgrid.

Research on optimal scheduling strategy of wind-photovoltaic-thermal-storage integrated energy system based on IBES

TAN Jiaqun, LYU Ruxuan, JU Hongjin, HONG Chunxue, XIAO Haiping, LEI Jing, HAN Zhenxing

2025, 47(8): 68-76. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.008

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The study aims to accurately and efficiently achieve the most cost-effective integration of renewable energy and the optimal output of thermal power units in the wind-photovoltaic-thermal-storage integrated energy system， while exploring the impact of renewable energy integration policies on coal-fired power plants and the overall system. Based on fuzzy chance-constrained programming and the improved bald eagle search （IBES） algorithm， a hierarchical optimal scheduling model for the wind-photovoltaic-thermal-storage system was constructed， incorporating plant-level optimal allocation of thermal power units. Taking a representative energy base as an example， the scheduling scenarios under constraints of different renewable energy curtailment rates were simulated， and performance differences under a unified unit operation strategy were compared. The results showed that when the wind and photovoltaic curtailment rate was extended to 10%， the net load square deviation of thermal power units decreased by 24.04% compared to the 5% constraint， the daily total revenue of thermal power increased by 2.48%， and the total system revenue increment reached 343 400 yuan-1.82 times that under the 5% renewable curtailment rate-significantly outperforming the full wind and photovoltaic integration model. Additionally， the number of deep peak-shaving operations of thermal power units was reduced， significantly alleviating operational stress and improving both operational safety and economic efficiency. The proposed model can effectively achieve multi-objective optimal allocation of output among power generation units. Under the policy guidance of maintaining renewable energy utilization rate of no less than 90%， appropriately relaxing the wind and photovoltaic curtailment rate can significantly improve the economic benefits of energy base and system operational flexibility， providing technical support and empirical evidence for the implementation of related policies.

Analysis of the characteristics of integrated solar combined cycle under different coupling methods

GENG Zhi, JIANG Yuchen, CHEN Keyu, LI Yifan, LI Renfeng, WANG Xuanxuan, SUN Qiansheng

2025, 47(8): 77-88. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.009

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Solar energy and the bottom cycle of the gas turbine combined cycle（GTCC） exhibit good thermal quality matching. Different solar thermal coupling methods have varying effects on the operational characteristics of GTCC. Therefore，this paper mainly used Ebsilon simulation software to calculate parameters， successively constructed three types of thermodynamic models for staged coupling of solar energy and waste heat boilers， and analyzed the variation pattern of the static complementarity characteristics of solar energy and the bottom-cycle coupling in the integrated solar combined cycle（ISCC） with aeroderivative gas turbine as the main engine， based on thermodynamic laws. A quantitative evaluation index was introduced to determine the optimal coupling scheme， and the effect of flow ratio on system performance was further explored. The results showed that under the design conditions， the system's power generation increased the most when solar energy was coupled only to the primary heating surface， with an increase of 1.08%. Compared to the traditional system，cycle efficiency could increase by 15.30%，and the exhaust gas temperature could be reduced by approximately 11.38%. A 20% mass flow distribution was more effective than heat utilization， reducing the exhaust gas temperature by 6.30 ℃.As the mass flow distribution ratio continued to increase， the system's power generation showed a decreasing trend， with a 7.102 MW difference between the maximum and minimum power outputs. Within the controllable range of variation， the 20% mass flow distribution ratio resulted in the highest power generation.The ISCC system，coupled to the high-pressure heating surface， exhibited a loss of 9.954 MW and an exergy efficiency of 63.67%.

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