面向碳中和的海上风电制氢技术研究综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国经济已由高速增长转向高质量发展阶段,建设以可再生能源为主体的绿色、低碳、清洁能源体系是我国能源发展的重要战略方向。利用海上风电产生的绿色电力制氢不仅为海上风电消纳提供了一种新思路,也是未来新能源替代传统能源,推动“双碳”目标实现的重要手段之一。目前,海上风电制氢系统的氢能储存以及上网成本仍然较高,在并网或离网的情况下,如何实现系统最优设备配置与控制是亟须解决的问题。归纳了目前国内外在海上风力发电、制氢储氢和海上风电制氢系统等方面的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 碳中和, 海上风电, 制氢, 氢能储存, 风电制氢系统, 可再生能源, 煤料电池

Abstract:

As China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a phase of high-quality growth,the construction of a green,low-carbon and clean energy system with renewable energy as the mainstay has become an important strategy for China’s energy development.Using the green electricity from offshore wind farms to power hydrogen production is not only a new way for offshore wind power consumption, but also an important means to replace traditional energy by new energy and to achieve carbon neutrality in the future.At present,the hydrogen storage and grid-connection costs of offshore wind-to- hydrogen systems are fairly high.Thus,how to achieve the optimal equipment configuration and control of a system in grid-connected state or off-grid state is an urgent problem to be solved.Based on the reviews on the current research progress made in offshore wind power generation,hydrogen production and storage and offshore wind power-to-hydrogen systems at home and abroad,the prospect for the technologies above are made.

Key words: carbon neutrality, offshore wind power, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, wind-to-hydrogen system, renewable energy, coal-based battery

中图分类号:

TK91

颜畅, 黄晟, 屈尹鹏. 面向碳中和的海上风电制氢技术研究综述[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2022, 44(5): 30-40.

Chang YAN, Sheng HUANG, Yinpeng QU. Review on hydrogen production technology from offshore wind power to achieve carbon neutrality[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2022, 44(5): 30-40.

图/表 5

表 1

常见海上风电基础结构特点

基础形式	特征	优点	缺点	适合环境与水深
重力式	组合式钢筋混凝土外壳,同时需要较重的压舱材料。依靠自重维持结构稳定并克服风机载荷	设计简单、造价低廉、安装简便,受海床沙砾影响不大,抗风暴和风浪袭击性能好	海水深度的影响很大,随着水深的增加,其重量和造价将成倍增加且需要平整海床	水深不超过20 m的非淤泥质的海床
单桩式	桩身由钢管焊接组成,桩的直径根据海水水深及风电机组的装机容量而定,在4~7 m,钢管壁厚50~70 mm	结构简单、受力明确、施工工期短、经济性较好	坚硬海床环境下施工成本高	水深不超过30 m且具有较好持力层的海域
三脚架式	定位于海底3根钢管桩的桩顶由桩管套连接上部三脚架结构,构成组合式多桩基础	刚度、强度较高,适用于各种海床条件	水深和风电机组单机容量增大,基础结构制作和运输的难度提升很大,可能会超出成本的限制	适用水深30~40 m海域
导管架式	钢质空间框架式结构	杆径小、强度高、质量轻,受波浪流作用小,对不同地质环境适应性强	随着水深的增长,基础的造价会随之大幅增长	水深5~50 m海域
多桩式	由桩基和承台2部分组成,桩基均匀布置在承台底,与承台固端连接,形成承台、桩、土共同受力体系	构刚度较大、稳定性好,基础运输、桩基施工、混凝土浇筑等均为常规结构	工程量大、工序较多、工期长	水深5~20 m海域
负压筒式	钢桶沉箱结构	钢材用量少,施工方便、不受天气制约、易于拆卸	沉放、调平难度较大,且永久运行时尚需解决不均匀沉降、基础周围局部冲刷等方面的技术问题	水深小于60 m且砂性土或软黏土的海域
张力腿式	由中心柱、延展臂、张力腿系泊系统以及海底固定系统这四个部分组成	稳定性良好,同时建造成本相对较低	张力系泊系统复杂、安装费用高,张力筋腱张力受海流影响大,上部结构和系泊系统的频率耦合易发生共振运动	水深大于60 m海域
立柱式	大直径、大吃水的浮式柱状结构	纵向波浪激励力小、垂荡运动小	横摇和纵摇值较大	水深大于100 m海域
半潜式	由立柱、横梁、斜撑、压水板、系泊线和锚固基础组成	吃水能力灵活,水线面积大,在运输和安装时具有良好的稳性	结构较为复杂、在波浪中可能经历大型升沉运动	水深大于50 m海域
驳船式	由浮体平台、系泊线、锚固基础组成	结构最为简单且生产工艺成熟,经济性较好	结构稳定性不如其他3类漂浮式基础	水深大于30 m海域

表 1

表 2

表 3

图1

图2

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企业	型号	容量/MW	驱动形式	风轮直径/m
明阳智慧能源	MySE 16.0-242	16	半直驱永磁	242
MHI Vestas	V236-15.0 MW	15	半直驱永磁	236
西门子歌美飒	14 MW-222DD	14	直驱永磁	222
通用电气	Haliade X 14 MW-220	14	直驱永磁	220
东方电气	暂未公布	13	直驱永磁	211
通用电气	Haliade-X 12 MW	12	直驱永磁	220
西门子歌美飒	SG 11.0-193DD Flex	11	直驱永磁	200
东方电气	D10000-185	10	直驱永磁	185
明阳智慧能源	SE8.0-10-180	8~10	半直驱永磁	180
MHI Vestas	V164-9.5 MW	9.5	半直驱永磁	164
MHI Vestas	V174-9.5 MW	9.5	半直驱永磁	174
西门子歌美飒	SG8.0-167DD	8~9	直驱永磁	167
金风科技	GW175-8.0 MW	8	直驱永磁	175
上海电气	8.0-167	8	直驱永磁	167
明阳智慧能源	SE7.25-158	7.25	直驱永磁	158
远景集团	EN-161/5.2	5.20	高速齿轮箱传动	161
中船重工海装风电	H171-5 MW	5	高速齿轮箱传动	171

储氢方式	优点	缺点
压缩气体储存	技术成熟,可以实现氢气的快速充放	储氢密度低,安全性较差
液氢储存	高液体密度高能量密度高储存效率	液化能耗大,液氢易汽化散逸、损失率高,储氢容器成本较高,需要冷却系统
固态储氢	中等温度和压力下单位体积储氢密度大,能耗低	技术不成熟、充放氢效率较低