Energy storage technologies and their applications and development

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Energy storage is a key supportive technology for the energy revolution. In the context of carbon neutrality， the fast-growing energy storage technology is playing an increasingly important role in energy industry. Existing energy storage technologies and their development statuses are expounded， focusing on their characteristics and differences. And the application scenarios and economy of these technologies are comprehensively compared. The key to battery researches is introducing new energy storage materials to solve its non-traditional electrochemical problems. Thermochemical energy storage is suitable for long-term storage due to its low energy consumption in reversible reactions， but attention should be paid to its cyclic dynamic characteristics， modeling and cost control. Pumped energy storage and compressed air storage technology are mature technologies， which are of high storage capacity and suitable for large-scale energy storage projects. However， the two technologies are limited by siting constraints， high cost of infrastructure construction and difference in operation and maintenance costs. Flywheel energy storage technology is suitable for the scenarios in need of frequent start-up and short energy release time， but how to the reduce energy loss in conversion is the challenge. Applications of hydrogen energy is restricted by difficulties in storage and transportation and its low energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide reference for relevant researches and policy formulation.

Key words: energy storage technology, thermochemical energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, hydrogen energy storage, energy storage application, carbon neutrality

CLC Number:

TK02

XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun. Energy storage technologies and their applications and development[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(9): 48-58.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Examples of current energy storage systems in operation or under construction in the world

储能类型		项目所在地/名称	规模	持续放电时间	功能	系统特点	时间
电化学储能	锂电池	美国加利福尼亚州德哈查比市	8 MW	4 h	调峰填谷，改善电能质量		2012年
	超级电容	西班牙加那利群岛	4 MW	5 s	调频		2013年
	钠离子电池	山西太原	1 MW·h	—	促进新能源与储能融合发展	全球首套1 MW·h钠离子电池光储充智能微网系统	2021年
	液流电池	辽宁大连	200 MW；一期工程：100 MW/400 MW·h	4 h	调峰，促进新能源消纳	我国首个100 MW级大型电化学储能国家示范项目，迄今为止全球功率最大、容量最大	2022年投产
热能储能		西班牙塞维利亚	20 MW	1 h	可再生能源消纳	属于聚光式高温太阳能发电厂，每年可提供48 GW·h的储能	2009年
压缩空气储能		德国 Huntorf电站	290 MW	2 h	紧急备用电源、系统调峰、黑启动	世界首座大型空气压缩储能系统	1978年
压缩空气储能		河北张家口	100 MW	4 h	调峰、调频调相、旋转备用、黑启动等	国际首套百兆瓦先进压缩空气储能国家示范项目,国产核心装备自主化率100%，是目前世界单机规模最大、效率最高的新型压缩空气储能电站	2022年
飞轮储能		北京306医院	250 kW	15 s	紧急备用电源	采用磁悬浮轴承技术，与医院备用的柴油发电机相互配合	2008年
		美国宾夕法尼亚州	20 MW	15 min	调频、促进可再生能源消纳	电站由200个额定功率为0.1 MW的飞轮组成，飞轮最高转速达15 500 r/min，能实现超过10万次的完全充电/放电循环	2014年
		宁夏灵武	22 MW	—	调频，促进新能源消纳	国内第2个全容量飞轮储能-火电联合调频工程，采用全磁悬浮技术，是全球单体储电量最大、单体功率最大的项目	2021年开工
抽水蓄能		美国巴斯县	3 003 MW	10.3 h	提升电能质量	项目由2个高度相差385 m的大型水库、一座发电厂和贯穿连接的隧道组成	2012年
抽水蓄能		福建周宁	4×300 MW	—	调峰填谷、事故备用，改善区域核电机组运行条件	国内碾压混凝土第一高坝，具备“一键调度”模式	2022年
超导磁储能		日本Hosoo电站	10 MW	—	提高系统稳定性和供电品质		2006年
超导磁储能		甘肃白银	1 MJ/500 kV·A	—	维持系统稳定性		2011年
氢储能		加拿大多伦多	2 MW	—	储氢，发电	用电低谷制氢，在用电高峰时再转换接入电网	2014年
氢储能		安徽六安	1 MW	—	削峰填谷	国内首座兆瓦级大功率氢能综合利用站制氢系统	2021年

Table 1

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Table 4

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储能类型	优点	缺点	应用情况
锂电池	高功率和能量密度、反应迅速	生命周期取决于放电水平、成本高
铅酸电池	低成本、技术成熟	能量和功率密度低、生命周期短、维护成本高、材料有毒性	最成熟的电化学储能系统
镍镉电池	技术成熟	高成本、低能量和功率密度、材料有毒性	适用于公用事业储能应用
钒电池	高储能容量	结构复杂、能量和功率密度低	适用于放电持续时间长的公用事业
超级电容	高能量密度	电池组件特性的相互依赖、安全问题、环境影响
压缩空气储能	技术成熟、高储能容量	效率波动、安全隐患、地理位置受限	成本因场地而异，前期基建成本高，运维成本多变
飞轮储能	储能容量高，环保、空间占比小、技术成熟	噪音污染、安全问题、单位储能成本高	常用于不间断电源
抽水蓄能	技术成熟、高储能容量、使用寿命周期长	地理位置受限、成本高、功率密度低、有潜在环境影响	成本因地而异，前期基建成本高，运维成本多变
超导磁储能	响应速度快，储能容量高，可靠性高	成本高、冷却问题、失超、有大磁场要求	需配置低温制冷系统
氢储能	能量密度高，放电时间长，环境兼容性较好	能源转化效率整体偏低，投资成本高	制氢、存储、运输环节受限

储能类型	功率密度/（kW·m^-3)	能量密度/（kW·h·m^-3)	能量密度/(W·h·kg^-1)	循环效率/%	循环次数（寿命）
锂电池	1 500~10 000	200~500	75~200	90~97	1 000~10 000
铅酸电池	10~400	50~80	30~50	70~80	500~1 000
钠硫电池	140~180	150~250	150~240	<90	2 500~4 500
超级电容	>100 000	10~30	0.05~15	60~97	>50 000
压缩空气储能	0.04~10.00	0.4~20.0	3~60	60~90	10 000~30 000
飞轮储能	1 000~2 000	20~80	10~30	90~95	>20 000
抽水蓄能	0.5~1.5	0.5~1.5	0.5~1.5	70~85	10 000~60 000
超导磁储能	300~4 000	0.2~14.0	0.3~75.0	80~99	10 000~100 000
氢储能	>500	500~3 000	800~10 000	20~50	>1 000

储能类型	功率成本/（美元·kW^-1）	容量成本/[美元·（kW·h）^-1]	一次循环成本/[美元·（kW·h）^-1]
锂离子电池	1 200~4 000	100~2 500	15~100
铅酸电池	300~600	200~400	20~100
钠硫电池	1 000~3 000	300~500	8~20
镍镉电池	500~1 500	800~1 500	20~100
超级电容储能	100~300	300~2 000	2~20
压缩空气储能	400~800	2~50	2~4
飞轮储能	300~1 000	3 000~6 000	3~25
抽水蓄能	600~2 000	5~100	0.1~1.4
超导磁储能	200~300	1 000~10 000	—
氢燃料电池	500~10 000	—	—