Critical section identification and protection configuration for high-risk N-k faults in power systems

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.09.001

Abstract

Abstract:

To address issues such as diverse N-k cascading fault scenarios， complex fault propagation paths， and difficulties in determining protection strategy implementation targets， a critical section identification and protection configuration model that integrates XGBoost with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization is proposed in power systems. By constructing a high-risk N-k fault set and randomly simulating cascading faults under load rates ranging from 0.1~10.0， a cascading fault dataset was developed using line load rates as inputs and residual load as the target. The Bayesian optimization algorithm was used to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the XGBoost model， selecting the optimal parameter combination. The protection resource allocation strategies for high-risk N-k fault scenarios were then identified. Simulation results on the IEEE 39-bus system showed that for 88% of high-risk N-k fault scenarios， adjusting the power flow carrying capacity of three critical section lines enabled the system's residual load to remain above 80%.

Key words: cascading faults, section identification, Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, data-driven, XGBoost algorithm, machine learning

CLC Number:

TK01：TM73

HUANG Zishu, CAI Ye, SUN Rongzuo, TAN Yudong. Critical section identification and protection configuration for high-risk N-k faults in power systems[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(9): 1-9.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 3

Table 4

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 5

Table 6

Summary of model performance indicators under high-risk N-3 faults in IEEE 39-bus system

故障编号	MAE	MSE	RMSE	$R 2$
1	0.008 47	0.000 35	0.018 89	0.992
2	0.007 09	0.000 30	0.017 46	0.993
3	0.007 52	0.0002 2	0.014 90	0.992
4	0.010 55	0.000 47	0.021 84	0.992
5	0.002 50	0.000 27	0.016 47	0.995
6	0.005 68	0.000 33	0.018 20	0.994
7	0.006 27	0.000 20	0.014 25	0.996
8	0.002 60	0.000 13	0.011 79	0.997
9	0.006 98	0.000 16	0.012 93	0.997
10	0.003 39	0.000 10	0.010 11	0.997
11	0.001 75	0.000 11	0.010 85	0.997
12	0.002 23	0.000 18	0.013 48	0.997
13	0.005 92	0.000 19	0.013 89	0.996

Table 6

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方案	^#6 线路配置参数	^#7 线路配置参数	^#16 线路配置参数	^#17 线路配置参数	^#21 线路配置参数	^#24 线路配置参数	^#31 线路配置参数	剩余负荷率
1	0.957 039 598	0	0	0.763 423 436	0	0	0.246 646 047	0.122
2	0	0	0.416 252 147	0	0	0	0	0.203
3	0	0.523 962 388	0.951 261 251	0.943 495 071	0.869 435 651	0.321 950 269	0.481 167 578	1.000

方案	^#6 线路配置参数	^#7 线路配置参数	^#12 线路配置参数	^#15 线路配置参数	^#16 线路配置参数	^#17 线路配置参数	^#24 线路配置参数	剩余负荷率
1	0.854 405 488	0.156 178 821	0.508 089 055	0.142 051 600	0.186 611 352	0.505 783 843	0	0.805
2	0.738 698 860	0.423 310 533	0	0	0.145 289 630	0	0.735 620 270	0.345
3	0.672 234 557	0.531 174 209	0	0.996 951 188	0.372 555 411	0.864 570 002	0.604 754 507	0.294

故障编号	配置1条线路	配置2条线路	配置3条线路	配置4条线路	配置5条线路	配置6条线路	未配置时
1	0.547	0.805	0.805	0.999	1.000	1.000	0.202
2	0.828	0.828	0.928	0.954	1.000		0.484
3	0.853	0.853	0.954	0.999	0.999	1.000	0.381
4	0.805	0.807	0.999	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.603
5	0.804	0.807	0.807	0.807	0.807	0.808	0.603
6	0.619	0.795	0.919	0.999	0.999	1.000	0.248
7	0.835	0.855	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.484
8	0.425	0.450	0.705	0.850	0.999	1.000	0.279
9	0.484	0.855	0.855	0.955	1.000	1.000	0.102
10	0.999	1.000	1.000				0.918
11	0.919	0.955	0.966	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.618
12	0.651	0.966	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.384
13	0.650	0.954	0.954	0.999	0.999	1.000	0.473

故障编号	配置1条线路	配置2条路	配置3条线路	配置4条路	配置5条线路	配置6条线路	未配置时
1	0.603	0.603	0.805	0.805	0.999	0.999	0.603
2	0.345	0.484	0.829	0.829	0.930	0.955	0.345
3	0.473	0.558	0.558	0.619	0.954	0.954	0.370
4	0.370	0.795	0.834	0.919	0.920	0.999	0.370
5	0.796	0.796	0.835	0.919	0.919	1.000	0.370
6	0.491	0.537	0.805	0.805	0.973	0.973	0.232
7	0.491	0.722	0.805	0.805	0.999	0.999	0.118
8	0.547	0.702	0.805	0.895	0.999	1.000	0.202
9	0.547	0.805	0.805	0.807	0.999	0.999	0.202
10	0.491	0.685	0.722	0.805	0.805	0.999	0.232
11	0.547	0.635	0.805	0.828	0.999	1.000	0.202
12	0.549	0.807	0.808	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.203
13	0.547	0.805	0.807	0.999	0.999	1.000	0.202

故障编号	MAE	MSE	RMSE	R²
1	0.006 13	0.000 210	0.014 57	0.996
2	0.007 25	0.000 330	0.018 21	0.993
3	0.003 40	0.000 140	0.012 19	0.996
4	0.004 39	0.000 250	0.015 97	0.995
5	0.002 17	0.000 210	0.014 55	0.995
6	0.002 51	0.000 200	0.014 27	0.996
7	0.001 97	0.000 240	0.015 70	0.995
8	0.002 66	0.000 140	0.012 18	0.995
9	0.001 27	0.000 160	0.012 91	0.996
10	0.000 11	0.000 004	0.002 00	0.997
11	0.003 12	0.000 570	0.023 99	0.989
12	0.005 19	0.000 290	0.017 07	0.994
13	0.008 94	0.000 360	0.019 17	0.993