Energy management strategy and configuration optimization of fuel cell combined heat and power system for household consumers

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.10.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogen energy is a clean， zero-carbon， long-term storable， flexible， and efficient secondary energy source. The hydrogen-electricity conversion using fuel cells is a crucial application for hydrogen energy to promote the low-carbon transition in the energy and power industry. For household energy use scenarios， a multi-unit mathematical model of a hydrogen fuel cell combined heat and power system was developed， incorporating modules such as fuel cells， electrolytic cells， batteries， hydrogen storage tanks， and heat storage tanks. The electricity and heat load demands of typical regions were analyzed， and a typical daily load curve for household consumers was proposed. Energy management strategies for the system were proposed based on two typical scenarios： peak-valley electricity utilization and clean energy consumption. Preliminary system parameter configurations for each scenario were obtained through multi-parameter joint debugging. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was employed to optimize the system configuration， with economic cost as the objective function. After optimization， the annual average system costs in the scenarios of peak-valley electricity utilization and clean energy consumption were reduced by 7.14% and 6.15%， respectively.

Key words: combined heat and power, household consumers, fuel cell, electrolytic cell, configuration optimization, particle swarm optimization algorithm, clean energy consumption, hydrogen energy

CLC Number:

TK91

LIU Kaicheng, WANG Songcen, HE Guixiong, JIA Xiaoqiang, LI Jiaxin, WANG Jin, XU Hong. Energy management strategy and configuration optimization of fuel cell combined heat and power system for household consumers[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(10): 77-87.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 1

Fig.5

Fig.6

Table 2

Fig.7

Fig.8

Table 3

Table 4

References 41

[1]	倪耀琪, 朱恒恺. “双碳”目标下氢能发展机遇、难点与路径选择[J]. 现代化工, 2024, 44(2): 1-8. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2024.02.001
	NI Yaoqi, ZHU Hengkai. Opportunities,difficulty and path choice for hydrogen energy development under "carbon dioxide emission peaking and carbon neutrality" goal[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2024, 44(2):1-8. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2024.02.001
[2]	丁上于, 张超星, 李宏, 等. 世界主要经济体能源领域面向未来的战略布局及启示[J]. 世界科技研究与发展, 2024, 46(1): 8-20.
	DING Shangyu, ZHANG Chaoxing, LI Hong, et al. Future-oriented strategic layout and inspiration in the energy sector of the world's major economies[J]. World Sci-Tech R & D, 2024, 46(1): 8-20.
[3]	刘天阳, 高亚静, 谢典, 等. 功能型零碳园区建设路径分析[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(8):44-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.006
	LIU Tianyang, GAO Yajing, XlE Dian, et al. Analysis on the construction path of functional zero-carbon parks[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(8): 44-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.006
[4]	邹才能, 吴松涛, 杨智, 等. 碳中和战略背景下建设碳工业体系的进展、挑战及意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2023, 50(1):190-205. doi: 10.11698/PED.20220603
	ZOU Caineng, WU Songtao, YANG Zhi, et al. Progress, challenge and significance of building a carbon industry system in the context of carbon neutrality strategy[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2023, 50(1): 190-205.
[5]	任平. 能源的饭碗必须端在自己手里——论推动新时代中国能源高质量发展[N]. 人民日报, 2022-01-07( 05).
[6]	陈怡, 田川, 曹颖, 等. 中国电力行业碳排放达峰及减排潜力分析[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2020, 16(5):632-640.
	CHEN Yi, TIAN Chuan, CAO Ying, et al. Research on peaking carbon emissions of power sector in China and the emissions mitigation analysis[J]. Climate Change Research, 2020, 16(5): 632-640.
[7]	林伯强, 杨梦琦. 碳中和背景下中国电力系统研究现状、挑战与发展方向[J]. 西安交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2022, 42(5): 1-10.
	LIN Boqiang, YANG Mengqi. China's power system research in the context of carbon neutrality:Current status, challenges, and development direction[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences), 2022, 42(5): 1-10.
[8]	邹才能, 李建明, 张茜, 等. 氢能工业现状,技术进展,挑战及前景[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(4):1-20.
	ZOU Caineng, LI Jianming, ZHANG Xi, et al. Industrial status,technological progress, challenges and prospects of hydrogen energy[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(4): 1-20.
[9]	白章, 郝文杰, 李琦, 等. 基于全生命周期评价的风光制氢综合系统容量配置优化研究[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2024, 46(10): 1-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.10.001
	BAI Zhang, HAO Wenjie, LI Qi, et al. Capacity configuration optimization of wind-solar hydrogen production based on life cycle assessment[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2024, 46(10): 1-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.10.001
[10]	罗佐县, 曹勇. 氢能产业发展前景及其在中国的发展路径研究[J]. 中外能源, 2020, 25(2): 9-15.
	LUO Zuoxian, CAO Yong. Development prospect of hydrogen energy industry and its development path in China[J]. Sino-Global Energy, 2020, 25(2): 9-15.
[11]	胡旭, 安锐坚, 杜宇晨, 等. 欧洲-北非氢能协同发展研究[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(7):151-162.
	HU Xu, AN Ruijian, DU Yuchen, et al. Research on Europe-North Africa hydrogen interconnection[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57(7):151-162.
[12]	朱宏康, 刘凡. 2023年德国《国家氢能战略》助推能源转型[J]. 中国材料进展, 2023, 42(10): 847-848, 786.
	ZHU Hongkang, LIU Fan. Making energy-transition headway by German's national hydrogen strategy in 2023[J]. Materials China, 2023, 42(10): 847-848,786.
[13]	袁铁江, 曹继雷. 计及风电-负荷不确定性的风氢低碳能源系统容量优化配置[J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(6): 2037-2044.
	YUAN Tiejiang, CAO Jilei. Capacity optimization allocation of wind hydrogen low-carbon energy system considering wind power-load uncertainty[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(6):2037-2044.
[14]	韩朝兵, 汤冰, 尹瑞麟, 等. 典型综合能源系统建模及特性仿真研究[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(6):49-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.007
	HAN Chaobing, TANG Bing, YIN Ruilin, et al. Research on modeling and characteristic simulation of a typical integrated energy system[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy. 2023, 45(6): 49-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.007
[15]	DENG Z H, JIANG Y W. Optimal sizing of wind-hydrogen system considering hydrogen demand and trading modes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(20):11527-11537.
[16]	朱子文. 典型船舶燃料电池推进系统及储氢技术研究[D]. 厦门: 集美大学, 2015.
	ZHU Ziwen. The research of a fuel cell powered propulsion system and the hydrogen storage method on a typical shi[D]. Xiamen: Jimei University, 2015.
[17]	任勇, 陈世江, 何家豪, 等. 一种氢燃料电池油田巡检无人机及巡检方法: CN112148034A[P]. 2020-12-29.
[18]	金梦, 朱鑫要, 周前. 新能源对电网调峰特性影响定量评估及应用[J]. 高压电器, 2023, 59(4): 70-76.
	JIN Meng, ZHU Xinyao, ZHOU Qian. Quantitative assessment of influence of renewable energy on peak regulation characteristics of power grid and its application[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2023, 59(4): 70-76.
[19]	孔令国, 陈钥含, 万燕鸣, 等. 计及调峰辅助服务的风电场/群经济制氢容量计算[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(16):4406-4420.
	KONG Lingguo, CHEN Yuehan, WAN Yanming, et al. Calculation of economics of power-to-gas capacity for wind farms/clusters with peak regulation auxiliary service response[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(16): 4406-4420.
[20]	邓钰龙, 李春燕, 邵常政, 等. 电热气氢综合能源系统随机优化调度[J]. 太阳能学报, 2023, 44(11): 522-529. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1124
	DENG Yulong, LI Chunyan, SHAO Changzheng, et al. Stochastic optimal scheduling of integrated electric-heat-gas-hydrogen energy system[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2023, 44(11): 522-529. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1124
[21]	郑玉平, 王俊, 杨志宏. 城镇能源互联网示范应用综述:现状、经验及展望[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(17):153-166.
	ZHENG Yuping, WANG Jun, YANG Zhihong, et al. Review on demonstration application of urban energy internet: Present situation,experience and prospect[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(17): 153-166.
[22]	粟世玮, 王相, 李咸善. 冷热电联供型区域综合能源系统电-热-冷云储能优化配置[J/OL]. 南方电网技术,1-14(2024-03-18)[2024-10-10]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/44.164.TK.20240315.1235.004.html.
	SU Shiwei, WANG Xiang, LI Xianshan, et al. Optimal configuration of electricity-thermal-cold cloud energy storage in the regional integrated energy system with CCHP[J/OL]. Southern Power System Technology,1-14(2024-03-18)[2024-10-10].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/44.164.TK.20240315.1235.004.html.
[23]	喻洁, 曹阳, 鄢鹏阳, 等. 考虑用户需求响应博弈推演的区域综合能源运营策略[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(9):3745-3757.
	YU Jie, CAO Yang, YAN Pengyang, et al. Integrated regional energy operation strategy considering user demand response game deduction[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48(9):3745-3757.
[24]	洪思琦, 顾方伟, 郑金玉. PEM水电解制氢低铱催化剂发展现状及展望[J/OL]. 化工进展,1-15(2024-03-02)[2024-10-10].https://doi.org/10.16085/j.issn.1000-661.2024-0014.
	HONG Siqi, GU Fangwei, ZHENG Jinyu. Development status and prospect of low iridium catalysts for hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis[J/OL]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progres,1-15(2024-03-02)[2024-10-10].https://doi.org/10.16085/j.issn.1000-661.2024-0014.
[25]	黄小娱, 谢明辉, 李晓蔚, 等. 典型氢能产品生命周期评价和碳足迹比较[J]. 环境科学, 2024, 45(10):5641-5649.
	HUANG Xiaoyu, XIE Minghui, LI Xiaoxue, et al. Comparative life cycle assessment and carbon footprint of typical hydrogen energy products[J]. Environmental Science, 2024, 45(10):5641-5649.
[26]	颜畅, 黄晟, 屈尹鹏. 面向碳中和的海上风电制氢技术研究综述[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2022, 44(5):30-40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.003
	YAN Chang, HUANG Sheng, QU Yinpeng. Review on hydrogen production technology from offshore wind power to achievecarbon neutrality[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2022, 44(5):30-40. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.003
[27]	张盛, 郑津洋, 戴剑锋, 等. 可再生能源大规模制氢及储氢系统研究进展[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(1): 457-465. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1473
	ZHANG Sheng, ZHENG Jinyang, DAI Jianfeng, et al. Research progress on renewable energy system coupled with large-scale hydrogen production and storage[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(1):457-465. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1473
[28]	CHANG H W, XU X X, SHEN J, et al. Performance analysis of a micro-combined heating and power system with PEM fuel cell as a prime mover for a typical household in north China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(45): 24965-24976.
[29]	黄念之. 燃料电池热电联产系统的建模分析及优化[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2018.
	HUANG Nianzhi. Modeling,analysis and optimization of fuel cell-based combined heat and power system[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2018.
[30]	FAN L X, TU Z K, LUO X B, et al. MW cogenerated proton exchange membrane fuel cell combined heat and power system design for eco-neighborhoods in North China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(6): 4033-4046.
[31]	ZHANG J, LU Y, XIE G C, et al. Research on combined heat and power system based on solar-proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. International Journal of Green Energy, 2022, 19(4),410-423.
[32]	CHEN X, LIU Q, XU J C, et al. Thermodynamic study of a hybrid PEMFC-solar energy multi-generation system combined with SOEC and dual Rankine cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 226:113512.
[33]	辛英超, 由蕤, 杨秉润. PEM燃料电池热电联供系统控制[J]. 青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 36(3): 218-223.
	XIN Yingchao, YOU Rui, YANG Bingrun. Control of PEM fuel cell CHP system[J]. Journal of Qingdao Agricultural University (Natural Science), 2019, 36(3): 218-223.
[34]	戴勇. 基于掺氢天然气的家用PEMFC热电联供系统设计与仿真[D]. 岳阳: 湖南理工学院, 2023.
	DAI Yong. Design and simulation of household PEMFC cogeneration system based on hydrogen-doped natural gas[D]. Yueyang: Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, 2023.
[35]	马志侠, 张林鍹, 郑兴, 等. 基于PEMFC-P2G与风光不确定的综合能源系统优化调度[J]. 太阳能学报, 2022, 43(6):441-447. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-0345
	MA Zhixia, ZHANG Linxuan, ZHENG Xing, et al. Optimal scheduling of integrated energy system based on PEMFC-P2G and inpact of wind power and photovoltaic uncertainty[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(6):441-447. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-0345
[36]	张腾飞. 碱性水电解制氢系统的建模分析与设计优化[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2023.
	ZHANG Tengfei. Modeling analysis and design optimization of alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2023].
[37]	北京市统计局, 国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴2023[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2023.
[38]	中国建筑设计研究院有限公司. 民用建筑暖通空调设计统一技术措施—2022[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2022.
[39]	上海市统计局, 国家统计局上海调查总队. 上海统计年鉴2023[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2023.
[40]	林顺富, 黄娜娜, 赵伦加, 等. 基于用户行为的家庭日负荷曲线模型[J]. 电力建设, 2016, 37(10): 114-121. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.10.016
	LIN Shunfu, HUANG Nana, ZHAO Lunjia, et al. Domestic daily load curve modeling based on user behavior[J]. Electric Power Construction, 2016, 37(10): 114-121. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.10.016
[41]	李建林, 梁策, 张则栋, 等. 新型电力系统下储能政策及商业模式分析[J]. 高压电器, 2023, 59(7): 104-116.
	LI Jianlin, LIANG Ce, ZHANG Zedong, et al. Analysis of energy storage policies and business models in new power system[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2023, 59(7):104-116.

工作设备	主要参数
蓄电池	容量5.000 kW·h，最大充放电功率3 000 W
燃料电池系统	系统发电功率1 000 W
电解池	电解功率5 500 W
储氢罐	体积0.500 m³，最大储氢压力3 MPa

工作设备	主要参数
蓄电池	容量10 kW·h，最大充放电功率3 000 W
燃料电池系统	系统发电功率1 000 W
电解池	电解功率11 000 W
储氢罐	体积0.500 m³，最大储氢压力3 MPa

主要设备参数	优化配置数值	初步配置数值
燃料电池系统功率/W	1 163	1 000
电解池功率/W	5 631	5 500
蓄电池容量/(kW·h)	2.824	5.000
并电网电量/(kW·h)	49.604	5.400
储氢罐容量/m³	0.382	0.500
储热水箱容量/L	200	200
年平均成本/元	25 260	27 201
规划周期/a	20	20

主要设备参数	优化配置数值	初步配置数值
燃料电池系统功率/W	1 363	1 000
电解池功率/W	12 549	11 000
蓄电池容量/（kW·h）	2.023	10.000
并网电量/（kW·h）	5.287	5.300
储氢罐容量/m³	0.426	0.500
储热水箱容量/L	200	200
年平均成本/元	42 324	45 096
年减碳量/t	1.4	1.4
规划周期/a	20	20