Large-scale gravity energy storage technology for solid flow in areas with large altitude differences

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2025.08.001

Abstract

Abstract:

The development of new gravity energy storage technologies is widespread both domestically and internationally. However， current applications of gravity energy storage are constrained by natural conditions and equipment efficiency， making it difficult to construct large-scale and high-capacity energy storage power stations. Based on China's existing resource endowments， a solid flow gravity energy storage method was proposed， which utilized naturally formed large altitude differences to construct large-scale gravity energy storage power stations， ensuring the stable operation of high-proportion new energy and new power systems. The working principle， composition structure， core technology， energy conversion， and safety and stability of solid flow gravity energy storage technology were explained. The performance parameters of several mainstream gravity energy storage technologies were compared， followed by an investment cost analysis of solid flow gravity energy storage technology under different altitude scenarios. The engineering research significance of the proposed method was clarified， along with its concept of ecological environment transformation. Although this technology is still in its initial stage， it is of great significance for promoting research in the field of gravity energy storage in China.

Key words: gravity energy storage, new energy, solid flow, large altitude difference, pumped storage, energy storage technology

CLC Number:

TK01：TM619：TV743

ZHOU Kai, WU Yanxi, HUANG Yuxiang, YANG Jinghao, FAN Xiaochao, LI Jianwei, WEI Zhizong, TENG Jian, CHEN Li, YE Qin, ZHANG Hao, JIANG Junnan. Large-scale gravity energy storage technology for solid flow in areas with large altitude differences[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2025, 47(8): 1-9.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Relationship between different altitude differences and energy costs

项目	h/m
项目	600	1 200	2 600	3 000
C_k/[元·（kW·h）^-1]	133.33	66.67	30.77	26.67
$C S, P U$ /[元·（kW·h）^-1]	48.00	24.00	11.08	9.60
C_E/[元·（kW·h）^-1]	181.33	90.67	41.85	36.27
年均折旧成本/（元·kW^-1）	6.04	3.22	1.40	1.21
C_E，net/（元·kW^-1）	14.51	7.25	3.35	2.9
C_E，total/（元·kW^-1）	20.55	10.47	4.75	4.11
能量发电成本/ [元·（kW·h）^-1]	0.062 3	0.032 0	0.014 4	0.012 5

Table 5

Table 6

References 26

[1]	万明忠, 王元媛, 李峻, 等. 压缩空气储能技术研究进展及未来展望[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(9): 26-31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004
	WAN Mingzhong, WANG Yuanyuan, LI Jun, et al. Research progress and prospect of compressed air energy storage technology[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(9): 26-31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004
[2]	TONG W, LU Z, HUNT J D, et al. Energy management system for modular-gravity energy storage plant[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 74: 109283.
[3]	童家麟, 洪庆, 吕洪坤, 等. 电源侧储能技术发展现状及应用前景综述[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(7): 17-23.
	TONG Jialin, HONG Qing, LYU Hongkun, et al. Development status and application prospect of power side energy storage technology[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(7): 17-23.
[4]	朱文韬, 周杨, 徐艺敏, 等. 电池储能技术在新能源发电系统中的应用与优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(8): 2737-2739. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0690
	ZHU Wentao, ZHOU Yang, XU Yimin, et al. Application and optimization of battery energy storage technology in new energy generation system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(8): 2737-2739. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0690
[5]	薛福, 马晓明, 游焰军. 储能技术类型及其应用发展综述[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(9): 48-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007
	XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun. Energy storage technologies and their applications and development[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(9): 48-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007
[6]	刘伟, 李振明, 刘铭扬, 等. 高温相变储热材料制备与应用研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(2):398-430. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0521
	LIU Wei, LI Zhenming, LIU Mingyang, et al. Review of high-temperature phase change heat storage material preparation and applications[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 398-430. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0521
[7]	蒋文坤, 韩颖慧, 薛智文, 等. 多能互补能源系统中储能原理及其应用[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2022, 44(1): 63-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.01.009
	JIANG Wenkun, HAN Yinghui, XUE Zhiwen, et al. Energy storage technologies and their applications in multi-energy complementary power system[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2022, 44(1): 63-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.01.009
[8]	李佳玉, 魏乐, 房方, 等. 飞轮储能控制技术及其在新型电力系统中的应用[J]. 中国科学: 技术科学, 2024, 54(6):1003-1020.
	LI Jiayu, WEI Le, FANG Fang, et al. Control techniques of flywheel energy storage and its application in new power system[J]. Scientia Sinica (Technologica), 2024, 54(6): 1003-1020.
[9]	YANG Q G, LIU Q J, FU Q, et al. Smart microgrid construction in abandoned mines based on gravity energy storage[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(11):21481.
[10]	李昌陵, 常喜强, 卢浩, 等. 新疆地区抽水蓄能电站疏导策略与电价测算研究[J/OL]. 发电技术:1-7(2024-09-18)[2024-10-08].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1405.TK.20240918.1021.002.html.
	LI Changling, CHANG Xiqiang, LU Hao, et al. Research on the diversion strategy and electricity price calculation of pumped storage power stations in Xinjiang region[J/OL]. Power Generation Technology:1-7(2024-09-18)[2024-10-08].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1405.TK.20240918.1021.002.html.
[11]	TONG W, LU Z, SUN J, et al. Solid gravity energy storage technology: Classification and comparison[J]. Energy Reports, 2022, 8: 926-934.
[12]	陈云良, 刘旻, 凡家异, 等. 重力储能发电现状、技术构想及关键问题[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2022, 54(1):97-105.
	CHEN Yunliang, LIU Min, FAN Jiayi, et al. Present situation, technology conceptualization and key problem for gravity energy storage[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2022, 54(1): 97-105.
[13]	张京业, 林玉鑫, 邱清泉, 等. 基于斜坡和山体的重力储能技术研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3):924-933. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0667
	ZHANG Jingye, LIN Yuxin, QIU Qingquan, et al. Gravity energy storage technology based on slopes and mountains[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 924-933. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0667
[14]	周睿, 洪剑锋, 曹君慈, 等. 竖井式重力储能发电效率及功率稳定策略研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(10): 3556-3565. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0304
	ZHOU Rui, HONG Jianfeng, CAO Junci, et al. Research on power generation efficiency and stabilization strategies for vertical gravity energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3556-3565. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0304
[15]	邱清泉, 罗晓悦, 林玉鑫, 等. 垂直式重力储能系统的研究进展和关键技术[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 934-945. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0789
	QIU Qingquan, LUO Xiaoyue, LIN Yuxin, et al. Research progress and key technologies in vertical gravity energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 934-945. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0789
[16]	MORSTYN T, CHILCOTT M, MCCULLOCH M D. Gravity energy storage with suspended weights for abandoned mine shafts[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 239: 201-206. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.226
[17]	SHI Q, WANG D, ZENG X, et al. Research on the design of multi-rope friction hoisting system of vertical shaft gravity energy storage system[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(17): 7556.
[18]	郑彦春, 陕超伦, 张晋宾. 长持续时间储能体系研究现状及发展展望[J]. 南方能源建设, 2024, 11(2):93-101.
	ZHENG Yanchun, SHAN Chaolun, ZHANG Jinbin. Current Research status and development prospects of long duration energy storage system[J]. Southern Energy Construction, 2024, 11(2):93-101.
[19]	LI F F, XIE J Z, FAN Y F, et al. Potential of different forms of gravity energy storage[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2024, 64: 103728.
[20]	KROPOTIN P, PENKOV O, MARCHUK I. On using unstabilized compressed earth blocks as suspended weights in gravity energy storages[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 72:108764.
[21]	吴炎喜. 一种固体重力流运载设备及储能系统:CN202211202805.5[P].2024-10-05.
[22]	广东省住房和城乡建设厅. 广东省建筑与装饰工程综合定额[M]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2010.
[23]	住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所. 建设工程施工机械台班费用编制规则[M]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2016.
[24]	喻恒凝, 姚良忠, 程帆, 等. 重力储能在新型电力系统中应用:前景及挑战[J/OL]. 中国电机工程学报:1-16(2024-08-26)[2024-10-08].https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGDC20240823001.htm.
	YU Hengning, YAO Liangzhong, CHENG Fan, et al. Application of gravity energy storage in new power systems: Prospects and challenges[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering:1-16(2024-08-26)[2024-10-08].https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGDC20240823001.htm.
[25]	TONG W X, LU Z G, ZHAO H S, et al. The structure and control strategies of hybrid solid gravity energy storage system[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 67: 107570.
[26]	林主豪, 张晴, 韩远程, 等. 储能行业主要趋向及未来市场空间[J]. 商业观察, 2022(12): 42-45.
	LIN Zhuhao, ZHANG Qing, HAN Yuancheng, et al. Main trends and future market space of energy storage industry[J]. Business Observation, 2022(12): 42-45.

重力储能技术	P/MW	h/m	单通道运输量/ (t·h^-1)	(P/h)/(kW·m^-1)	元件能量密度/[（kW·h）·t^-1]	η/%	性能指数
固体流重力储能	300~6 000	600~3 000	约720 000	500~2 000	1.63~8.17	≥75	600~12 000
抽水蓄能	300~1 200	300~800	约500 000	约1 000	0.82~2.18	70~80	500~1 600
斜坡牵引式重力储能	≤2	200	3 600	≤10	0.54	80~85	≤5
斜坡缆轨式重力储能	≤5	500	3 600	≤10	1.36	80	12
竖井提升式重力储能	≤3	600	1 800	5	1.63	80~85	≤7
EVx框架式重力储能	0.25	125	1 000	2	0.33	≥80	≤0.55

项目	h/m
项目	600	1 200	2 600	3 000
L_H/m	1 200	2 400	5 200	6 000
C_IN，T/万元	48 000	96 000	208 000	240 000
P/MW	811.44	1 622.88	3 516.24	4 057.20
C_Y，V/（元·kW^-1）	591.54

项目	h/m
项目	600	1 200	2 600	3 000
L_H/m	1 200	2 400	5 200	6 000
C_IN,V/万元	65 344	65 344	65 344	65 344
P/MW	811.44	1 622.88	3 516.24	4 057.20
C_Y，V/（元·kW^-1）	805.28	402.64	185.83	161.06

成本		h/m
成本		600	1 200	2 600	3 000
C_Y，T/（元·kW^-1）		591.54
C_Y，V/（元·kW^-1）		805.28	402.64	185.83	161.06
C_Y/（元·kW^-1）		1 396.82	994.18	777.37	752.60
年均折旧成本/（元·kW^-1）		45.56	33.14	25.91	25.09
C_Y，net/（元·kW^-1）		111.75	79.53	62.19	60.21
C_Y，total/（元·kW^-1）		157.31	112.67	88.10	85.30
单位发电成本/ [元·（kW·h）^-1]	t_cha=1 600	0.098 3	0.070 5	0.055 1	0.053 1
单位发电成本/ [元·（kW·h）^-1]	t_cha=1 000	0.157 3	0.112 7	0.088 1	0.085 0

项目	抽水蓄能	固体流重力储能
装机容量/MW	1 200	1 500
静态投资/万元	642 058	300 000
征用土地/m²	3.34×10⁶	1 000
征占耕地/m²	5.14×10⁵	西北荒漠耕地、林地零占用，中部、东部耕地零占用，林地酌情
征占林地/m²	2.46×10⁶
拆迁房屋/m²	48 126
搬迁人口/人	998
设计年发峰荷电量/（PW·h）	1.277	24.000
设计年耗用低谷电量/（PW·h）	1.703	30.000
设计年发电小时数	1 064	1 600