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    Energy storage technologies and their applications and development
    XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 48-58.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007
    Abstract1159)   HTML49)    PDF (929KB)(3220)      

    Energy storage is a key supportive technology for the energy revolution. In the context of carbon neutrality, the fast-growing energy storage technology is playing an increasingly important role in energy industry. Existing energy storage technologies and their development statuses are expounded, focusing on their characteristics and differences. And the application scenarios and economy of these technologies are comprehensively compared. The key to battery researches is introducing new energy storage materials to solve its non-traditional electrochemical problems. Thermochemical energy storage is suitable for long-term storage due to its low energy consumption in reversible reactions, but attention should be paid to its cyclic dynamic characteristics, modeling and cost control. Pumped energy storage and compressed air storage technology are mature technologies, which are of high storage capacity and suitable for large-scale energy storage projects. However, the two technologies are limited by siting constraints, high cost of infrastructure construction and difference in operation and maintenance costs. Flywheel energy storage technology is suitable for the scenarios in need of frequent start-up and short energy release time, but how to the reduce energy loss in conversion is the challenge. Applications of hydrogen energy is restricted by difficulties in storage and transportation and its low energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide reference for relevant researches and policy formulation.

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    Review on solar thermal power generation technologies and their development
    ZHANG Jinping, ZHOU Qiang, WANG Dingmei, LI Jin, LIU Lijuan
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (2): 44-52.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.02.006
    Abstract1007)   HTML38)    PDF (928KB)(5167)      

    Under the "dual carbon" target, new energy ushers in a leapfrog development,which makes an higher requirement for power system flexibility. The regulation capacity of concentrating solar power (CSP)plants can rival that of conventional thermal units. CSP plants can participate in peak load and frequency regulations timely and deeply, which improves the flexibility of the power system. Thus,CSP is a promising renewable energy generation technology. Based on the introduction on the operation principle and structure of a CSP plant, the advantages,disadvantages and research progress of various CSP technologies are analyzed. The problems and development direction of CSP technology are discussed based on the status quo and demand of CSP.

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    Application and research progress of molten salt heat storage technology
    ZHANG Zhongping, LIU Heng, XIE Yurong, ZHAO Dazhou, MOU Min, CHEN Qiao
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 40-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.006
    Abstract974)   HTML42)    PDF (2330KB)(1367)      

    Molten salt heat storage is a key technology for constructing future neo power systems.Since molten salt,an ideal heat storage medium,is of low viscosity,low steam pressure,high stability,high heat storage density,molten salt heat storage technology can be widely used in solar thermal power generation, thermal power peak and frequency regulation,heating,and waste heat recovery and utilization.However,current researches about this technology mainly focus on its employment in solar photothermal power generation,while its applications in other scenarios are insufficient in study.Under different application scenarios,the working temperature range,heating mode,selection of key components and design of working flow of a molten salt heat storage system are different.The advantages,characteristics and key technologies of molten salt heat storage technology are expounded,the research progress and the latest demonstration projects under different scenarios are listed,and the key problems subjected to further research are analyzed.Finally,future development trend and target of this technology are proposed.

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    Study on the status quo and development trend of grid-forming converter technology
    YU Guo, WU Jun, XIA Re, CHEN Yihui, GUO Zihui, HUANG Wenxin
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (9): 65-70.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.09.009
    Abstract884)   HTML13)    PDF (1104KB)(3802)      

    Due to the numerous electric and electrical devices and high-penetration new energy in a power system,the system's inertia tends to decrease and its strength and stability are hampered. In order to improve the stability of the system,a grid-forming converter technology which gives play to the flexibility and controllability of converters,compensates for the missing inherent inertia damping and provides reliable voltage and frequency support for the system is proposed.Based on the comparison between grid-forming control and gird-following control technologies,different network construction control strategies are analyzed. Then, the grid-forming high-pressure energy storage technology is introduced.The bottlenecks,challenges and feasible solutions of the technology are pointed out.The research results show that since the grid construction control technology can effectively improve the inertia damping,and provide the voltage and frequency support for the power system,it is promising in new power systems with high proportion of new energy and a large quantity of electronic equipment.

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    Research progress and prospect of compressed air energy storage technology
    WAN Mingzhong, WANG Yuanyuan, LI Jun, LU Yuanwei, ZHAO Tian, WU Yuting
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 26-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004
    Abstract880)   HTML28)    PDF (1004KB)(1343)      

    Energy storage is the key technology to achieve the initiative of "reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060".Since compressed air energy storage has the advantages of large energy storage capacity, high system efficiency, and long operating life,it is a technology suitable for promotion in large-scale electric energy storage projects, and also an important means of large-scale renewable energy consumption on grid side. The development process, working principles, research statuses and challenges of compressed air energy storage systems in different forms are comprehensively expounded, and the development trend of compressed air energy storage technology is analysed from the perspective of compressed heat storage, providing references for the design for the future systems. The research results show that with the development of high-temperature heat storage technologies, high temperature adiabatic compressed air energy storage technology has become a research hotspot in this field because of its extraordinary working efficiency. Taking the molten salt with low melting point as the heat storage medium of a compressed air energy storage system to store the heat from the high-temperature compressor, can reduce the storage temperature of compressed water and the initial investment cost of the compressed air energy storage system significantly.

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    Optimal configuration for energy storage system capacity of wind-solar-storage microgrid
    ZHOU Chengwei, LI Peng, YU Bin, YU Tianyang, MENG Wei
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (12): 56-61.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.12.008
    Abstract725)   HTML31)    PDF (985KB)(1644)      

    Due to the intermittent and fluctuating characteristics of distributed energies such as solar energy and wind energy, energy storage technology is taken to effectively reduce their output fluctuations and improve their controllability. Based on the analysis on the characteristics of a wind-solar-storage microgrid's output, an optimal capacity allocation model taking the minimum total investment cost, lowest annual load power shortage rate and optimal wind and solar energy abandonment rate of the microgrid system as the optimization objectives is established. The model's optimal capacity allocation schemes under different constraints and operation strategies are obtained by non-dominated sequencing genetic algorithm (NSGA). The results show that the wind-solar-storage microgrid system optimized by the optimal energy storage capacity allocation scheme and NSGA is of a lower total investment cost, and higher power-supply reliability and energy utilization rate.

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    Review on electric energy substitution of agricultural energy internet in the context of carbon neutrality
    BAI Jiahao, FU Xueqian
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (6): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.06.001
    Abstract686)   HTML8)    PDF (3503KB)(676)      

    With the development of agricultural energy internet,replacing fuel with electricity for agriculture production has been taken as an important technical rout to realize carbon peaking and carbon neutrality since it is able to realize carbon emission reduction and improve environmental quality. Based on the enormous load data of modern agricultural industry, the potential of electric energy substitution in agriculture production is analyzed. Then, a low-carbon agricultural system which integrates distributed renewable energy with agriculture production is proposed. The system can control the growth of crops intelligently by digital twin technology, and virtual power plants for agricultural parks can alleviate the impact brought by new energy fluctuation. The agricultural park with the system is of a higher energy utilization efficiency and favorable economic benefits, which is a clean, low carbon and efficient development rout for agricultural energy internet.

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    Overview on the characteristics,connotation and development status of virtual power plants in China
    ZHONG Yongjie, JI Ling, LI Jingxia, JIANG Yanjun, WU Shiwei, WANG Zidong
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (6): 25-36.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.06.003
    Abstract643)   HTML55)    PDF (3654KB)(961)      

    To achieve the "30·60" goal,virtual power plants have been taken as an important measure to construct a new power system and complete energy transformation. It is also the development direction for the safe and efficient utilization of new energy. The connotation and overall characteristics of virtual power plants are introduced. And against the backdrop of the status quo in China, the main business segments of a virtual power plant and its political environment are expounded. Given the existing cases home and abroad, the supporting elements including controllable resources,key technologies and market mechanism for the rapid development of virtual power plants are summarized. Then, the problems in the promotion of virtual power plants in China are summarized based on the three development phases. Based on the understanding on the connotation and basic characteristics,it is believed that virtual power plants are promising in integrated application with digitalization,intelligentization,cloud sharing,artificial intelligence,big data,Internet of Things and other technologies.

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    Review on water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by fluctuating wind power and PV
    Leijiao GE, Qingxue CUI, Mingwei LI, Fang YAO, Xiaona YANG, Tianshuo DU
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.001
    Abstract620)   HTML20)    PDF (1559KB)(2211)      

    Water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by green energy such as PV and wind power is an important technical rout to realize the national energy strategy of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking. Nevertheless,the volatility of wind power and PV seriously affects the dynamic adaptability and operational reliability of the hydrogen production system based on water electrolysis. By expounding the characteristics of the hydrogen production technology powered by wind-PV complementary systems,and analyzing the mechanism and economy of this technology,an efficient and reliable technical rout of water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by fluctuating wind power and PV is conceived,to extricate from the predicament in water electrolysis for hydrogen production. There are three key steps in the realization path, system configuration optimization, stable operation and service life extension. Targeting at the system service life management, the safe, reliable and economic operation of the water electrolysis system for hydrogen production powered by PV and wind power lays a favorable foundation for the development of wind-PV-hydrogen industry chain.

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    Analysis on development and key technologies of integrated intelligent energy in the context of carbon neutrality
    TENG Jialun, LI Hongzhong
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 53-63.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.007
    Abstract575)   HTML28)    PDF (1233KB)(1154)      

    Integrated intelligent energy is an energy system that can achieve intelligent, efficient, green and safe energy production, transmission, storage, consumption and management by integrating information and communication technology, energy, intelligent manufacturing and other technical means. It is not only a technological revolution,but also a revolution in energy industry,transforming traditional energy systems into intelligent,integrated and green systems.Relying on energy data collection,transmission and processing,an integrated intelligent energy system can optimized energy allocation and manage energy precisely,thereby achieving sustainable development.In the analysis on the key technologies and development direction of integrated intelligent energy under the background of carbon neutrality,the development status of integrated intelligent energy at home and abroad is introduced,then its connotations and technical architecture are elaborated.The key technologies can be sorted into six groups:energy production,energy transmission,energy storage,energy consumption,intelligent energy and multi-energy synergistic optimization.According to the core issues of each technology pointed out in the analysis,four suggestions are put forward:promoting the construction of intelligent power market,enhancing energy data management capabilities,boosting the power supply business on user end,and developing core technologies and equipment independently in China.

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    Research and application of heat pump technology in integrated energy systems
    SUN Jian, WANG Yinwu, WU Kexin, TAO Jianlong, QIN Yu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (4): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.04.001
    Abstract547)   HTML19)    PDF (1697KB)(573)      

    In the context of "dual carbon", integrated energy systems are continuously promoting the technological reforms in the fields of flexible renewable energy consumption, low-carbon heating and cooling, industrial waste heat utilization and flexible and coordinated peak shaving for the power grid. Heat pumps are widely used in integrated energy systems because of their high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. Being the energy supply or energy storage unit in an integrated energy system, heat pumps can be divided into four categories according to their energy sources, air source, water source, soil source and waste heat recovery heat pumps. Heat pumps can be heat (cold) storage and electricity storage units according to their functions. Heat pumps can facilitate the low-carbon and high-efficiency operation of the system, but arise problems from energy coupling and optimal operation. Finally, the development trend of heat pumps in integrated energy systems is prospected.

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    Development and perspectives of the transition metal-based catalysts for water splitting
    Yimin ZHANG, Jianli KANG, Naiqin ZHAO
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 15-29.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.002
    Abstract546)   HTML14)    PDF (9253KB)(451)      

    With the implementation of the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality and the construction of a new energy-oriented power system, the renewable energy generation technology with a focus on wind energy and solar energy is developing rapidly. However, the intermittence and fluctuation of renewable energy impacts the electric power and energy balance. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis has been regarded as one of the key technical means to realize the rebalancing of energy in a longer time and in a wider space. The main forms of electrolysis stacks, alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis, are introduced and analyzed. Based on the reaction mechanism of water electrolysis, the importance of electrocatalysts in the reaction is pointed out.The development and improvement strategies of various novel electrocatalysts which include alloy materials, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal phosphides, metal carbides and carbides are highlighted and reviewed here. And in-situ characterization techniques play vital roles in this development. Finally, the current problems and future perspectives of the catalysts for water splitting are proposed according to the forecasting on hydrogen production from water splitting.

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    Key technologies and construction practices of virtual power plants
    LIU Jian, LIU Yuxin, ZHUANG Hanyu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 59-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.008
    Abstract526)   HTML18)    PDF (1216KB)(983)      

    In the context of pursuing dual carbon target and constructing a new power system with new energy as the main body, the virtual power plant has become an important component of smart grid and Energy Internet due to its flexibility and effectiveness in managing distributed energy resources. The virtual power plant integrates distributed energy resources (including adjustable load,interruptible load and energy storage)through controlling,metering,communication and optimization technologies,and realizes smooth interactions and optimized operation of source,network,load and storage,which is conducive to the rational and optimal allocation and utilization of resources. The structure,network topology,control strategy and key technologies of the virtual power plant accessed to the power dispatching system are introduced,and the problems in protection configuration,information communication and intelligent terminals are discussed.The improvement measures put forward provide a reference for similar projects.

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    Development trend and prospects of hydrogen production from offshore wind power
    Feng WANG, Peng LU, Qingtao ZHANG, Hui ZHAO, Huaiming WANG, Yangyang RU
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 41-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.004
    Abstract498)   HTML18)    PDF (3511KB)(504)      

    In the cosntruction of renewable energy oriented power system,hydrogen production powered by offshore wind turbines is a major innovation of energy technology, which is expected to be a win-win solution for the development of offshore wind power and hydrogen energy. Based on its development trend analysis, it is a feasible road for future energy security. Having investigated the development status of hydrogen production from offshore wind power at home and abroad and compared the feasible technical schemes of hydrogen production, storage, transportation and utilization, a plan integrating hydrogen production from offshore wind power with hydrogen transportation by ships is proposed. The scheme is worthy of promotion and application at current stage. Its development trend and prospects are analysed by taking the development plans of various countries into consideration. The scheme is pointed out to be able to lower the power generation cost of offshore wind farms and advance the era of grid parity. The integration of offshore wind power generation and green hydrogen production can boost the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

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    Calculation and prediction of carbon emission factors for the national power grid from 2005 to 2035
    WEI Xikai, TAN Xiaoshi, LIN Ming, CHENG Junjie, XIANG Keqi, DING Shuxin
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2024, 46 (3): 72-78.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.03.009
    Abstract496)   HTML9)    PDF (539KB)(377)      

    In the view of delayed data updates and inaccurate calculations on the carbon emission factor of the national power grid, a calculation method based on IPCC's carbon emission accounting method is proposed for the factor. IPCC's carbon emission accounting method can be employed on 25 kinds of fuels for power generation. First, carbon emission factors of the national power grid from 2005 to 2022 are obtained by the proposed methods. Then, the calculation results are compared with the official published data with an average deviation of 1.45%, which prove the accuracy of the algorithm. Finally, the emission factors from 2023 to 2035 are predicted under three scenarios, basic scenario, low-carbon scenario, and intensive carbon reduction scenario. In 2035, the emission factor decreased to 0.506 4, 0.480 7,and 0.443 8 kg/(kW·h) under the three scenarios,keeping the carbon emissions from power industry constantly low. As the proposed method has a high accuracy, it can dynamically reflect the current situation and development trend of China's power structure, and provide support for accurate evaluating on carbon emissions from electricity consumers.

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    Classification and characteristic analysis of adjustable resources on the user side
    ZHENG Qingrong, LU Yingjie, XIANG Jiani, CHEN Yuyang, GONG Feixiang, YUAN Jindou, WU Yingjun
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (11): 50-55.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.11.007
    Abstract476)   HTML18)    PDF (933KB)(1244)      

    Since the rapid growth of load has posed a huge challenge to the stability of the power system, supply-side regulation and control capabilities of traditional methods have gradually been weakened. Therefore, demand response, as an important means to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand during power peak periods, has received increasing attention. Demand response can improve the stability of the grid by scheduling the adjustable loads on demand sides and reducing partial load capacity in peak load periods. Therefore, it is of great significance to study adjustable resources on load sides. Based on the existing researches on user-side load classification, a classification method for user-side resources according to their energy supply and consumption attributes is proposed. By analyzing the typical loads of different energy supply and consumption attributes and their characteristics, a resource library of loads with different attributes has been established, which lays a foundation for in-depth research on demand response.

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    Application and development of CO2 transcritical cycle heat pumps
    LI Minxia, HOU Beiran, WANG Pai, DONG Liwei, TIAN Hua
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (4): 12-18.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.04.002
    Abstract475)   HTML17)    PDF (1546KB)(1371)      

    Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,the application of heat pumps with natural working medium CO2 as refrigerant is more in line with the new requirements of green development and environmental protection.Comparing the status of overseas and domestic researches on CO2 heat pumps in different scenarios,it is found out that CO2 emissions from a CO2 heat pump water heater is 40% lower than that from a traditional electric water heater.The most prominent advantage of a CO2 heat pumps is the significant temperature rise which leads to high working efficiency.In low outdoor temperatures,CO2 heat pumps can satisfy the hot water demands of users along railways and in rural areas of northern China with high annual energy efficiency ratios. CO2 on-board air conditioners have been developed and basically into mass production.Compared with a traditional electric dryer,a CO2 heat pump dryer can save energy by 55% at most.CO2 heat pump technology will be a hot spot in the future research on environmental protection and low-carbon technologies, and will play a key role in China's "dual carbon" target.

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    Research on the performance of membranes and anode materials in alkaline water electrolysis
    Yating GUO, Tianyin DENG, Yanying LIU, Guangli HE
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 64-68.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.007
    Abstract462)   HTML1)    PDF (2780KB)(617)      

    Since water electrolysis for hydrogen production can transform large-scale renewable energy into green hydrogen,it is widely used in low-carbon terminal energy applications,such as fuel,chemical and transportation industry.This technique plays an important role in carbon emission reduction.Alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production has attracted much attention as one of the most promising large-scale hydrogen production technologies.In order to lower the overpotential in water electrolysis for hydrogen production,the properties of membranes and anode materials were studied. The results show that the membrane resistance of polymer composite membrane Zirfon is lower than that of polyether sulfide non-woven fabric by 0.3 V.Zirfon membrane has lower membrane resistance and higher hydrophilicity. Hydrophilicity of membranes can affect the utilization rate of the active site on electrode,and a higher hydrophilicity leads to a lower activation impedance of electrode. While choosing the material for anode, nickel mesh shows a lower overpotential in water electrolysis than nickel foam,due to its lower pure resistance. This study can provide reference for the optimization of membranes,electrodes and other key components of electrolytic cells,which will be conducive to the cost reduction of water electrolysis.

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    Progress in technologies of metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells
    GAO Yuan, LI Zhi, LI Jiahong, GAO Jiutao, LI Chengxin, LI Changjiu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (8): 1-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.08.001
    Abstract452)   HTML10)    PDF (11524KB)(695)      

    Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS-SOFC), being able to start-up rapidly, are transformative technology to facilitate the realization of dual carbon target. With low-cost ferritic stainless steel as support whose thermal expansion coefficient(CTE) is similar to that of ceramic electrolyte, MS-SOFC is expected to be of a significantly lower manufacturing cost, good mechanical performance and sealing performance. Metal interconnect and metal support are two core components for a MS-SOFC, and their common materials are ferritic stainless steel, Cr-based alloy and Ni-based alloy. Japan, Germany, the United States and China have developed various stainless steels for SOFCs. And stainless-steel coating technologies have made significant progress which can improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of the materials. In view of the problem in the MS-SOFC prepared by high-temperature sintering method, thermal spraying method and low-temperature sintering method have taken its place. The metal support and interconnect of a MS-SOFC can be effectively connected by traditional welding method, and the fuel gas can be effectively sealed by taking porous metal support-connector structure which is formed in powder pressing and sintering processes. The reasons for the degradation of MS-SOFCs include oxidation of metal materials, cathodic toxicity caused by Cr volatilization, coarsening of catalyst particles,etc. Many companies, such as Ceres Power of the UK, General Electric(GE) of the US, German Aerospace Center(DLR), German Forschungszentrum Jülich(FZJ) and Plansee of Austria, have made remarkable achievements in preliminary commercialization of MS-SOFC.

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    Review on situational awareness technology in a low-carbon oriented new power system
    GE Leijiao, CUI Qingxue, LI Mingwei, LIU Zifa, XIA Mingchao
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.01.001
    Abstract444)   HTML20)    PDF (1821KB)(1218)      

    Constructing a new energy oriented power system is not only an important direction for the power system transformation and upgrading in China,but also a key means to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The way of adapting situational awareness technology to diverse and differentiated scenarios has become the breakthrough point of the reliable,safe,high-quality,low-carbon and economic operation of the new power system. Typical features and main problems of the new power system are analysis from four aspects, source, network, load and energy storage. Then, to achieve the low-carbon and economic operation of the new power grid, key points in three application phases of situational awareness technology in the power grid which are situational perception, situational understanding and situational forecast are expounded. In the end, application and prospects of the situational awareness technology in the low-carbon oriented new power system are elaborated by taking the characteristics of low-carbon and economic operation of the new power system into consideration, which provides reference for the construction and operation of subsequent new power systems.

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