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Research progress and prospect of compressed air energy storage technology WAN Mingzhong, WANG Yuanyuan, LI Jun, LU Yuanwei, ZHAO Tian, WU Yuting Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 26-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004 Abstract （382）   HTML （14）    PDF （1004KB）（399）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage is the key technology to achieve the initiative of "reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060".Since compressed air energy storage has the advantages of large energy storage capacity， high system efficiency， and long operating life，it is a technology suitable for promotion in large-scale electric energy storage projects， and also an important means of large-scale renewable energy consumption on grid side. The development process， working principles， research statuses and challenges of compressed air energy storage systems in different forms are comprehensively expounded， and the development trend of compressed air energy storage technology is analysed from the perspective of compressed heat storage， providing references for the design for the future systems. The research results show that with the development of high-temperature heat storage technologies， high temperature adiabatic compressed air energy storage technology has become a research hotspot in this field because of its extraordinary working efficiency. Taking the molten salt with low melting point as the heat storage medium of a compressed air energy storage system to store the heat from the high-temperature compressor， can reduce the storage temperature of compressed water and the initial investment cost of the compressed air energy storage system significantly. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research progress of molten salt heat storage technology ZHANG Zhongping, LIU Heng, XIE Yurong, ZHAO Dazhou, MOU Min, CHEN Qiao Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 40-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.006 Abstract （314）   HTML （18）    PDF （2330KB）（415）       Knowledge map    Save Molten salt heat storage is a key technology for constructing future neo power systems.Since molten salt，an ideal heat storage medium，is of low viscosity，low steam pressure，high stability，high heat storage density，molten salt heat storage technology can be widely used in solar thermal power generation， thermal power peak and frequency regulation，heating，and waste heat recovery and utilization.However，current researches about this technology mainly focus on its employment in solar photothermal power generation，while its applications in other scenarios are insufficient in study.Under different application scenarios，the working temperature range，heating mode，selection of key components and design of working flow of a molten salt heat storage system are different.The advantages，characteristics and key technologies of molten salt heat storage technology are expounded，the research progress and the latest demonstration projects under different scenarios are listed，and the key problems subjected to further research are analyzed.Finally，future development trend and target of this technology are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Energy storage technologies and their applications and development XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 48-58.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007 Abstract （295）   HTML （17）    PDF （929KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage is a key supportive technology for the energy revolution. In the context of carbon neutrality， the fast-growing energy storage technology is playing an increasingly important role in energy industry. Existing energy storage technologies and their development statuses are expounded， focusing on their characteristics and differences. And the application scenarios and economy of these technologies are comprehensively compared. The key to battery researches is introducing new energy storage materials to solve its non-traditional electrochemical problems. Thermochemical energy storage is suitable for long-term storage due to its low energy consumption in reversible reactions， but attention should be paid to its cyclic dynamic characteristics， modeling and cost control. Pumped energy storage and compressed air storage technology are mature technologies， which are of high storage capacity and suitable for large-scale energy storage projects. However， the two technologies are limited by siting constraints， high cost of infrastructure construction and difference in operation and maintenance costs. Flywheel energy storage technology is suitable for the scenarios in need of frequent start-up and short energy release time， but how to the reduce energy loss in conversion is the challenge. Applications of hydrogen energy is restricted by difficulties in storage and transportation and its low energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide reference for relevant researches and policy formulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key technologies and construction practices of virtual power plants LIU Jian, LIU Yuxin, ZHUANG Hanyu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 59-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.008 Abstract （200）   HTML （9）    PDF （1216KB）（374）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of pursuing dual carbon target and constructing a new power system with new energy as the main body， the virtual power plant has become an important component of smart grid and Energy Internet due to its flexibility and effectiveness in managing distributed energy resources. The virtual power plant integrates distributed energy resources （including adjustable load，interruptible load and energy storage）through controlling，metering，communication and optimization technologies，and realizes smooth interactions and optimized operation of source，network，load and storage，which is conducive to the rational and optimal allocation and utilization of resources. The structure，network topology，control strategy and key technologies of the virtual power plant accessed to the power dispatching system are introduced，and the problems in protection configuration，information communication and intelligent terminals are discussed.The improvement measures put forward provide a reference for similar projects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of biochar prepared by microwave pyrolysis technology JIANG Yuchen, LI Qingyang, HU Xun Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (5): 46-62.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.05.006 Abstract （193）   HTML （6）    PDF （8115KB）（162）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of society and economy， the biosafety treatment of agricultural and forestry waste， household waste， municipal sludge and other organic solid waste has attracted wide attention in recent years. Traditional treatments such as landfill ， incineration and crop residue burying are not eco-friendly. Since there are abundant carbon sources in solid wastes， traditional treatments will lead to carbon source loss. Microwave pyrolysis （MP） is an innovative biomass pyrolysis technology with advantages of fast heating rate， uniform heating on biomass and high heating efficiency. MP can affect the properties of biomass in a different way that conventional tube furnace heating does because their heat and mass transfer methods are different. This study summarizes the properties of the solid biochar derived from the MP of disposed biomass and different ways of MP， and compares the product compositions and product yields varying with raw materials， microwave power and temperature. And the research lays focus on the comparison of the morphology， surface functional group， pore structure， specific surface area， element content and thermal stability of biochar obtained from different biomass processed by MP. Finally， the biochar made by MP and conventional method are compared. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on development and key technologies of integrated intelligent energy in the context of carbon neutrality TENG Jialun, LI Hongzhong Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 53-63.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.007 Abstract （193）   HTML （7）    PDF （1233KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated intelligent energy is an energy system that can achieve intelligent, efficient, green and safe energy production, transmission, storage, consumption and management by integrating information and communication technology, energy, intelligent manufacturing and other technical means. It is not only a technological revolution，but also a revolution in energy industry，transforming traditional energy systems into intelligent，integrated and green systems.Relying on energy data collection，transmission and processing，an integrated intelligent energy system can optimized energy allocation and manage energy precisely，thereby achieving sustainable development.In the analysis on the key technologies and development direction of integrated intelligent energy under the background of carbon neutrality，the development status of integrated intelligent energy at home and abroad is introduced，then its connotations and technical architecture are elaborated.The key technologies can be sorted into six groups：energy production，energy transmission，energy storage，energy consumption，intelligent energy and multi-energy synergistic optimization.According to the core issues of each technology pointed out in the analysis，four suggestions are put forward：promoting the construction of intelligent power market，enhancing energy data management capabilities，boosting the power supply business on user end，and developing core technologies and equipment independently in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the optimal allocation of energy storage in distribution network based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm LIU Ziqi, SU Tingting, HE Jiayang, WANG Yu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.002 Abstract （175）   HTML （15）    PDF （1218KB）（230）       Knowledge map    Save The energy storage technology has the ability to adjust power and the time of energy，so as to effectively improve the output characteristics and shedulability of renewable energy. Thus， it is important to study the energy storage optimized configurations under different scenarios.Taking the technical and economic indicators into consideration comprehensively， an energy storage allocation method based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization（MOPSO）algorithm is proposed. The multi-objective energy storage configuration model can be solved by MOPSO， and the adaptive mutation strategy is introduced in the population updating process to improve the exploration capability of particles and ensure the population diversity and the late convergence. The global optimal solution for energy storage comprehensively optimizes the technical and economic indicators. The feasibility and superiority of the proposed method are verified by Matlab simulation， and the research results have theoretical and engineering value for the optimal configurations of energy storage systems in distribution network. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High fault-tolerant distribution network state estimation method based on gated graph neural network LIU Yixian, WANG Yubin, YANG Qiang Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.001 Abstract （170）   HTML （15）    PDF （1278KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save With the increase of renewable energy's penetration rate in power systems， it is essential to make real-time， accurate and highly fault-tolerant state estimations for distribution networks to cope with the intermittency of renewable energy and keep safe operation of the power grid. Since the assembly level of distribution network measurement devices is incomplete and the model-driven state estimation can hardly adapt to the high uncertainty of environment， the fused measurement data from SCADA/PMU is adopted to train the gated graph neural network （GGNN）.Then， a high fault-tolerant distribution network state estimation method based on GGNN is proposed. It can obtain the spatio-temporal relationship between the measurement and the state estimation by using the graph convolutional layer and GRU-like to extract high-dimensional spatio-temporal features of the measurement. The proposed algorithmic solution is assessed and validated based on an IEEE 33-bus system and an IEEE 118-bus system， respectively. The assessment result show that GGNN can effectively fit the space-time mapping of measurement and state data with a higher accuracy and robustness compared with the traditional Weighted Least Squares （WLS） and Multi-layer Perceptron （MLP）. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated energy system optimization scheduling considering improved stepped carbon trading mechanism and demand responses GE Leijiao, YU Weikun, ZHU Ruoyuan, WANG Guantao, BAI Xingzhen Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 97-106.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.011 Abstract （144）   HTML （5）    PDF （1202KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Save The integrated energy system （IES） is an important approach to pursue the "dual carbon" target and achieve low-carbon energy transformation of China. In order to facilitate the carbon emission reduction of the IES and improve its economic benefits， an IES optimization scheduling model considering improved stepped carbon trading mechanism and demand response mechanism is proposed. Firstly， a carbon flow model is introduced in the energy hub framework to reflect the flow of carbon dioxide in the system， and an improved stepped carbon trading mechanism is proposed to facilitate carbon reduction of the system. Then， the multi-energy demand response mechanism on user side is introduced to drive the transformation of energy usage pattern motivated by pricing mechanism，so as to promote the consumption of renewable energy. Considering decision maker preference， with the improved stepped carbon trading mechanism as the connection point， a low-carbon IES economic optimization scheduling model is established. The optimization scheduling is guided by the carbon emission index and user comfort， and CPLEX solver is used to solve the scheduling model. The proposed model and mechanisms are verified under five scenarios， whose results prove that the cooperation of the improved carbon trading mechanism， demand response mechanism and optimization scheduling model can effectively lower the carbon emissions and improve the economy of IESs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on optimization method for capacity allocation and scheduling strategy of regional integrated energy systems HUANG Yinheng, LI Meng, PANG Yi, LIANG Yin, JIN Zengfeng, WANG Jinzhu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 34-41.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.005 Abstract （138）   HTML （3）    PDF （1703KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of energy networks， integrated energy systems significantly improve general utilization rate of energy by making comprehensive use of various energy sources， such as heat，cold energy and electricity. Thus，the system has become the research focus. In view of the capacity allocation and scheduling strategy for regional integrated energy systems， an optimization method is proposed. Based on the structure of the system and the mechanisms of energy conversion， a mixed integer linear programming model is constructed， whose optimal solution for the allocation and scheduling strategy can be obtained simultaneously by the solver.The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve the economic， flexible and efficient operation of regional integrated energy systems， reduce the operation cost and balance the energy supply and demand. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Power flow models and calculation methods applied in integrated energy systems WU Dongye, YANG Di, JIN Xu, HONG Wenpeng, YE Shaoyi, ZHAO Xiaoming Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (10): 70-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.009 Abstract （138）   HTML （10）    PDF （1074KB）（183）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-energy flow analysis is a crucial and fundamental link for the state estimation，security analysis and optimal regulation of an integrated energy system（IES）. To study the mutual conversion and coupling of electric power，gas，thermal power and cold energy with power flow analysis，two main research directions of integrated energy system power flow analysis are compared. The first one is to calculate the system's operating state，including steady-state and dynamic power flow，based on known parameters under a certain operating condition.On this basis， the second one considers the impact of uncertain parameters on system operation，and study the uncertain power flow through probabilistic power flow analysis.The research progress made in multi-energy hybrid flow and limitations of current decoupling methods are pointed out，and the optimal power flow solution and its applications are summarized. The results show that the multi-energy steady-state flow calculation is relatively mature，but the dynamic power flow model mostly solved by the differential method lacks accuracy and solution efficiency.Uncertainty power flow requires highly on data and cannot balance computing accuracy and efficiency.The optimal power flow model mainly focuses on single-objective optimization，while seldom considers multiple objectives or uncertain factors.Finally，the limitations of hybrid energy power flow calculation in terms of its model constraints and algorithm complexity are proposed，and its prospects are made. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-decoupling hierarchical energy management of integrated energy systems considering supply and demand uncertainty DOU Zhenlan, SHEN Jianzhong, ZHANG Chunyan, JIANG Jingjing, CHEN Qi, CHEN Jing Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 17-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.003 Abstract （137）   HTML （7）    PDF （1386KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Save Studying the operation optimization of regional integrated energy systems with electricity as their cores is conducive to improving their energy utilization efficiency， economy and reliability. To address the uncertainty of renewable energy outputs and load demands in the systems， a time-decoupling hierarchical energy management strategy based on energy hubs is proposed. The day-ahead static optimization based on the prediction on renewable energy outputs and load demands achieves the coordinated utilization of multiple energy. Then，the energy storage consistency weight coefficient is introduced into the intraday rolling optimization based on feedback correction， so that the intraday rolling optimised power of the energy storage system can comply with the day-ahead static optimization results. The strategy can improve the participation of energy storage systems into system power balance over a long-time scale，reduce the impact of the supply and demand uncertainty on the system， and enhance the anti-interference of the system. At the same time， reserve powers are distributed evenly according to the energy storage capacity and power prediction error， to improve the security and stability of the electrical power systems with small inertia time constant. Finally， the effectiveness of the optimization strategy and model is verified by simulation examples. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of biomass-based carbon materials and its application as electrodes in supercapacitors ZHOU Shuxin, FAN Huailin, HU Xun Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (5): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.05.001 Abstract （137）   HTML （8）    PDF （3135KB）（207）       Knowledge map    Save Biomass materials are considered as important carbon sources for the industrialized preparation of new carbon materials， due to the low price， convenience of collection， high aromaticity and carbon content. The efficient and sustainable conversion from biomass materials to functional materials is the key to achieving carbon neutrality. Porous carbon materials have great potential for energy storage due to their high specific surface area， abundant and reasonable porous structure， good electrical conductivity and stability. The latest researches at home and abroad on the classification and preparation of the porous carbon materials derived from biomass are summarized， focusing on its application as the electrode material. And the future research direction is providing reasonable preparation processes for biomass-based porous carbon materials according to the advantages and characteristics of various biomass. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on marine litter treatment technologies FANG Rui, DUAN Zhiyong, LIU Zaizhi, WANG Yuxuan, LIU Chenxi, LI Hao, FAN Chuigang Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (5): 70-79.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.05.008 Abstract （136）   HTML （3）    PDF （2636KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of industrial technology， marine litter has become a noticeable issue in ocean governance.Huge amount of marine litter distributes widely all over the world. Marine litter includes plastics，wood products，paper products and metals，among which plastics are the main components.Marine debris not only causes visual pollution and vessel safety hazards，but also seriously threatens the marine biology and ecological balance.In the review on marine litter treatment technologies，the treatment procedure can be divided into three steps：locating and monitoring，collection and treatment.Deep learning has already been applied to the automatic detection on marine litter. In terms of collection，traditional devices，such as cleaning vessels，still play a dominate role，while new devices，such as automatic water surface cleaners，are in ongoing development and improvement.The treatment methods of marine debris mainly include landfill，incineration，pyrolysis and microbial technologies.Pyrolysis not only avoids the production of pollutants such as dioxins，but can also be used to produce additional products such as fuel oil with high calorific value，which facilitates the recycling of energy from marine litter.Next，it will become an inevitable trend to develop a collaborative system integrating pollutant positioning，collection and processing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration on market-driven capacity compensation mechanism FENG Li, LIU Bo, HAN Zhenyu, ZHANG Mengyu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 81-86.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.011 Abstract （134）   HTML （5）    PDF （1103KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of renewable energy and electricity spot market， the functional repositioning of coal-fired units leads to stranded costs. To ensure sufficient generation capacity adequacy and reliable operation of the power system， a capacity compensation mechanism need to be introduced to power market. A capacity compensation mechanism aiming to provide electricity market incentives is designed. summarizing the implementation process of the capacity compensation mechanism， the assorted clearing， assessment， adjustment， and information disclosure mechanism. The analysis results provide a reference for other provinces exploring capacity cost recovery mechanisms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Researches on data center integrated energy systems based on knowledge graph WANG Yongzhen, HAN Yibo, HAN Kai, HAN Juntao, SONG Kuo, ZHANG Lanlan Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.001 Abstract （134）   HTML （12）    PDF （3392KB）（262）       Knowledge map    Save As a key infrastructure in digital economy era， the energy consumption and carbon emissions of data centers are becoming increasingly prominent， and a series of research has been conducted by global scholars in the past decade. To comprehensively reveal the progress of global data center energy consumption researches， this article proposes a perspective based on integrated energy system and a metric method based on knowledge graph， and conducts a review of the latest research on the integrated energy system of data center from various aspects such as research trends， theoretical method and engineering cases. Firstly， a qualitative and quantitative analysis is conducted on international collaboration， characteristic distribution， and research hotspots in the field of global data center energy research based on scientific publications. Based on this， the article focuses on the research of data center integrated energy systems， which involve energy cascading utilization， multi-energy complementarity， and source-grid-load-storage integration. It analyzes the planning and design， operational evaluation， computational solution methods， and key points of data center integrated energy systems， revealing that the energy systems of data centers are constantly moving towards multidimensional global optimization that includes economic and low-carbon aspects. Finally， the article discusses the inapplicability of traditional PUE in data center integrated energy systems and preliminarily proposes evaluation indicators and systems for data center energy systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal scheduling of the data center integrated energy system considering load response characteristics YU Wenchang, CHEN Yonggang, CAO Junbo, ZUO Luyuan, ZHANG Xiangyin, YANG Xiu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (10): 25-34.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.004 Abstract （130）   HTML （6）    PDF （1418KB）（286）       Knowledge map    Save In the collaboration of "computing power + electric power" under the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality，the data center，whose power consumption is substantive and growing rapidly，has great potential in carbon emission reduction and load regulation. To give full play to the flexibility of data center loads，an optimal scheduling strategy of the data center integrated energy system considering the load response characteristics is proposed. Firstly，an optimized scheduling framework for the data center integrated energy system is established. The load response characteristics and equipment energy consumption of the data center are modelled，to study the cold，heat and electric loads of the data center. Then，the objective function and constraint conditions are determined，and the optimization model is established to minimize the operation cost of the data center energy system. Finally，the simulation analysis is made on a data center. Comparing the performances of the data center energy system under different scenarios， the optimal strategy with the optimal allocation of workloads is figured out which can effectively reduce the system cost and energy consumption. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation method for multi-scenario optimization operation modes of the integrated energy system ZHONG Yongjie, JI Ling, LI Jingxia, TAN Tingfang, FAN Zhongming, LI Haohang Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (10): 18-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.003 Abstract （127）   HTML （8）    PDF （1083KB）（207）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated energy systems dispatch and distribute heterogeneous energy with reasonable optimization strategy to achieve joint energy supply by taking advantages of the complementarity between different energy resources， improve the efficiency of comprehensive energy utilization， increase the penetration rate of renewable energy， and enhance the reliability of energy supply. A comprehensive evaluation method for multi-scenario optimization operation mode of integrated energy systems based on analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is proposed. The evaluation indexes，including energy saving rate， energy loss， new energy proportion， new energy consumption rate and operation and maintenance cost，are described. Then， models of the multi-scenario optimization operation modes including economic operation mode，environmental protection operation mode and energy saving operation mode are established. Then， the hierarchical structure of the AHP-based comprehensive evaluation method for an integrated energy system is established. The evaluation process includes constructing a comprehensive judgment matrix， making single-criteria ranking and its consistency test， and making multiple-criteria ranking and its consistency test. The results of a study case show that the proposed comprehensive evaluation method can effectively evaluate the optimal operation mode of integrated energy systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on power distribution strategy of an RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system LI Jing, DOU Zhenlan, WANG Jiaxiang, ZHANG Chunyan, LU Tao, NI Yaobing Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 78-86.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.009 Abstract （125）   HTML （1）    PDF （1415KB）（259）       Knowledge map    Save As a new hydrogen storage technology， a reversible solid oxide cell（RSOC）has a promising application prospects in renewable integrated energy systems. Low-temperature hydrogen storage technologies take stack power as system power in power allocation strategy making. A RSOC system is equipped with a large power consumption auxiliary system， Balance of Plant （BOP）， to maintain its high-temperature operation， and the power control rate is limited by the safety temperature. Therefore， the power allocation strategy for the RSOC is decided by the power consumption of the BOP and power control rate of the RSOC hydrogen-water energy conversion system. The modelling of an RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen integrated energy system should make developing the power model for the RSOC hydrogen-water energy conversion system with BOP the priority. To optimize the power distribution in the RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen integrated energy system， a power distribution strategy considering the constraints of the RSOC power control rate and the capacities of subsystems is established， with the goals of minimizing the system daily operating cost and maximizing the consumption of the wind and photovoltaic power. The optimization is solved by multi-objective particle swarm optimization （MOPSO） algorithm. Compared with the general operation strategies， the optimization strategy proposed provides the system with more benefits. Moreover， the participation of the power grid and the storage battery increases the flexibility of the power regulation and reduces the overall operating power of the system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Refined collaborative optimized operation of integrated energy systems considering nonlinear energy efficiency of equipment under variable operating conditions ZHAO Huirong, LI Tianchen, ZHOU Quan, PENG Daogang Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (10): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.001 Abstract （120）   HTML （6）    PDF （1253KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Multiple energies including electricity， heat， cold and gas are coupled in the integrated energy system（IES）. Energy conversion equipment and energy transportation equipment installed in the system feature nonlinear operation under variable conditions， leading to the magnificent gap between supply and demand. And the output allocation among multiple units of the same type is uneven under variable operating conditions. Therefore， a refined collaborative optimization method for the IES considering the non-linearity of equipment under variable operating conditions is proposed. Firstly， the cooperative optimized operation architectures for different types of units under nonlinear operation and variable working conditions are constructed. Then， nonlinear operation curves of the units under variable conditions are segmented and linearized. Taking the energy consumption of pumps and pipeline flow balance constraint into consideration can improve the supply-demand balance and the reliability of the IES. The optimization scheduling model takes the minimum daily operating cost as the optimization goal. The model is simulated on a IES under multiple scenarios. The simulation results show that considering the non-linear operation characteristic of different units of the same type under variable working conditions can effectively reduce the operating cost and supply-demand gap of power systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics