Optimization of solar-assisted air source heat pump dual-source system for wolfberry drying in Northwest China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2026.06.005

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the high energy consumption，heavy carbon emissions， and the instability and weather dependency of traditional solar drying technologies in Northwest China， an efficient and stable multi-energy complementary drying system has been developed. The system aimed to provide a clean drying technology suitable for regions in Northwest China with abundant solar resources. Taking wolfberry drying in Jinghe County，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region，as the application scenario，a solar-assisted air source heat pump dual-source drying system was proposed and constructed. A dynamic simulation model was established on the TRNSYS platform. Combined with local meteorological data，the operational characteristics of the system under typical operating conditions were analyzed. A dual-mode operational strategy based on working-condition switching was proposed：solar energy provided heating independently on sunny days，while the heat pump supplied auxiliary heating on cloudy days or under insufficient solar irradiation conditions. Taking the system's annual cost as the optimization objective，key parameters including collector area，heat pump heating capacity，and collector tilt angle were optimized using the Genopt optimization algorithm. The system exhibited excellent performance under optimal parameter combinations. The results showed that after optimization，the system's annual cost decreased by 9%，the operational energy efficiency ratio improved to 3.4，and the initial investment was reduced by 11%. Additionally， the drying period for wolfberry was shortened from 18-22 h with traditional methods to 12 h， significantly enhancing drying efficiency. In terms of environmental benefits， the system achieved an 81.3% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to the conventional drying method supported by coal. The dynamic synergy mechanism and optimized system parameters should follow the principle of "prioritizing solar thermal energy and taking heat pumps as supplementary heat sources". This strategy effectively addressed the intermittency of solar energy， reduced the operating costs， and lowered carbon emissions. The findings provide a reliable theoretical basis and a practically valuable technical scheme for the green upgrading of agricultural product drying equipment in the high irradiation regions of Northwest China.

Key words: solar-assisted air source heat pump, dual-heat-source drying system, dynamic simulation, parameter optimization, energy consumption, carbon emission reduction

CLC Number:

TK01：X522

WANG Yingchao, LIU Yasuo, GAO Jia, JIANG Jiading, YIN Shaowu, FAN Xiaochao. Optimization of solar-assisted air source heat pump dual-source system for wolfberry drying in Northwest China[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2026, 48(6): 57-67.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Fig.3

Table 4

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Table 5

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Table 6

Table 7

References 31

[1]	SALEHI F. Recent applications of heat pump dryer for drying of fruit crops: A review[J]. International Journal of Fruit Science, 2021, 21(1): 546-555. doi: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1911746
[2]	孙蕾, 牟欢, 张红云. 新疆精河宁杞1号的外观品质与气象条件关系研究[J]. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2022, 16(3): 139-143.
	SUN Lei, MU Huan, ZHANG Hongyun. Study on the correlation between appearance quality of ningqi No.1 and meteorological factors in Jinghe County, Xinjiang[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology, 2022, 16(3): 139-143.
[3]	WANG Y C, JIANG J D, LIU Y S, et al. Simulation study of pipeline insulation performance based on composite-phase change materials[J]. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2025, 47(1): 6861-6875. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2025.2474737
[4]	张派伟, 张振迎, 武雨萌, 等. 热泵干燥技术的应用现状及展望[J]. 化学工程, 2024, 52(6): 40-46.
	ZHANG Paiwei, ZHANG Zhenying, WU Yumeng, et al. Application and prospects of heat pump drying technology[J]. Chemical Engineering (China), 2024, 52(6): 40-46.
[5]	闫素英, 赵龙, 王群. 太阳能热泵联合系统的枸杞干燥特性与能耗分析[J]. 太阳能学报, 2023, 44(12): 106-112. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1261
	YAN Suying, ZHAO Long, WANG Qun. Drying characteristics and energy consumption analysis of solar heat pump combined system of wolfberry[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2023, 44(12): 106-112. doi: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-1261
[6]	王云峰, 常伟, 李明, 等. 直通式真空管空气集热器热性能实验及干燥应用[J]. 太阳能学报, 2020, 41(1): 21-28.
	WANG Yunfeng, CHANG Wei, LI Ming, et al. Experimental study on direct pass all-glass evacuated tubular solar air collectorand drying application[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2020, 41(1): 21-28.
[7]	胡建军, 张广秋, 朱晴, 等. 光伏自驱动平板式太阳能空气集热器设计及其性能实验[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42(8): 281-288.
	HU Jianjun, ZHANG Guangqiu, ZHU Qing, et al. Design and performance test of photovoltaic self-driven solar air collector[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2021, 42(8): 281-288.
[8]	吴玉庭, 董晓明, 张灿灿. 槽式太阳能集热管换热特性分析[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2025, 46(4): 1229-1243.
	WU Yuting, DONG Xiaoming, ZHANG Cancan. Analysis of heat transfer characteristics of trough solar collector tube[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2025, 46(4): 1229-1243.
[9]	MALAISAMY S, SUNDARAM B M, SRINIVASAN A. Advanced control of solar-powered automated drying systems to enhance grain quality using a hybrid HOA-CINN approach[J]. Solar Energy, 2025, 293: 113467. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.113467
[10]	TAKI M, NOSHAD M, JASEMI M M, et al. Application of even span greenhouse solar dryer (ESGSD) for drying Persian shallot; Kinetic analysis, machine learning modeling and quality evaluation[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2025, 68: 105880. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.105880
[11]	LI J, ZHANG Y, LI M, et al. Study on heating performance of solar-assisted heat pump drying system under large temperature difference[J]. Solar Energy, 2021, 229: 148-161. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.08.038
[12]	白皓明, 刘瑞玲, 牛犇, 等. 远红外联合热泵干燥对小米椒品质和抗氧化活性的影响[J/OL]. 食品与发酵工业,1-12(2025-06-09) [2025-07-30].https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042714.
	BAI Haoming, LIU Ruiling, NIU Ben, et al. Effects of far-infrared combined with heat pump drying on quality and antioxidant activity of capsicum frutescens[J/OL]. Food and Fermentation Industries,1-12(2025-06-09) [2025-07-30].https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042714.
[13]	井世亮, 王久元, Nuhu Jibril, 等. 全闭式谷物干燥机热泵系统的优化与研究试验[J/OL]. 南京农业大学学报,1-12(2025-04-08)[2025-07-30]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1148.S.20250408.0842.002.html.
	JING Shiliang, WANG Jiuyuan, NUHU Jibril, et al. Optimization and experimental study on heat pump system of fully enclosed grain dryer[J/OL]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1-12(2025-04-08)[2025-07-30]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1148.S.20250408.0842.002.html
[14]	汪泽林, 张良, 徐笑锋, 等. 面向药材贮藏的热泵干燥系统实验研究[J]. 包装工程, 2024, 45(1): 1-9.
	WANG Zelin, ZHANG Liang, XU Xiaofeng, et al. Experimental research on heat pump drying system for medicinal herbs storage[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2024, 45(1): 1-9.
[15]	刘书斌, 郑访江, 李成义, 等. 党参干燥的历史沿革及其品质研究进展[J]. 中华中医药杂志, 2025, 40(1): 343-346.
	LIU Shubin, ZHENG Fangjiang, LI Chengyi, et al. Evolution of history and quality research progress on drying of Radix Codonopsis[J]. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 2025, 40(1): 343-346.
[16]	姚远, 秦汉时, 付威, 等. 橡胶木太阳能-热泵联合干燥能耗分析[J]. 林业工程学报, 2019, 4(6): 29-35.
	YAO Yuan, QIN Hanshi, FU Wei, et al. Energy consumption analysis of drying of hevea brasiliensis using solar energy-heat pump combined kiln[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering, 2019, 4(6): 29-35. doi: 10.12737/issue_58f9e1231490a6.79477980
[17]	何伟, 储文峰, 胡中停, 等. 新型太阳能-空气源热泵联合干燥系统设计及枸杞干燥实验研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42(12): 59-63.
	HE Wei, CHU Wenfeng, HU Zhongting, et al. Design of new solar energy and air source heat pump combined drying system and experimental study on Chinese wolfberry drying[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2021, 42(12): 59-63.
[18]	丁宇. 杨木单板太阳能协同干燥技术研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2020.
	DING Yu. Research on the collaborative drying technology of solar energy for poplar veneer[D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2020.
[19]	侯峰, 何汀, 冀瑞浩, 等. 青海西宁地区太阳能耦合多热源热泵干燥系统性能模拟与优化研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(10): 231-241.
	HOU Feng, HE Ting, JI Ruihao, et al. Research on performance simulation and optimization of solar coupled multi-heat source heat pump drying system in Xining area of Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(10): 231-241.
[20]	朱传辉, 李保国, 杨会芳, 等. 太阳能-热泵联合装置设计及香菇干燥实验研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2020, 41(11): 149-155.
	ZHU Chuanhui, LI Baoguo, YANG Huifang, et al. Design of solar-heat pump combinde device and experiment on drying of shiitake mushroom[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2020, 41(11): 149-155.
[21]	胡灯运, 何伟, 张世超, 等. 太阳能-空气源热泵联合干燥系统设计及干燥枸杞的实验研究[J]. 新能源进展, 2018, 6(2): 83-89.
	HU Dengyun, HE Wei, ZHANG Shichao, et al. Design of a solar-air source heat pump drying system and experimental research on drying lycium barbarum[J]. Advances in New and Renewable Energy, 2018, 6(2): 83-89.
[22]	杜江凌, 南晓红, 王赞社, 等. 基于TRNSYS的茯砖茶生产工艺能源系统节能环保特性研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2022, 43(5): 136-144.
	DU Jiangling, NAN Xiaohong, WANG Zanshe, et al. Energy saving and environmental protection characteristics of energy system for producing Fu brick tea based on TRNSYS[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2022, 43(5): 136-144.
[23]	张山清, 普宗朝, 李景林. 近50年新疆日照时数时空变化分析[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(11): 1481-1492. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201311004
	ZHANG Shanqing, PU Zongchao, LI Jinglin. The spatial-temporal variation of sunshine duration in Xinjiang during 1961—2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(11): 1481-1492. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201311004
[24]	李学武, 张京朋, 赵天保, 等. 我国西北地区干湿变化特征及其未来预估[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2024, 29(1): 59-74.
	LI Xuewu, ZHANG Jingpeng, ZHAO Tianbao, et al. Characteristics of dry and wet variations in the northwest China and their future predictions[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2024, 29(1): 59-74.
[25]	ZHANG Y H, REN J, PU Y R, et al. Solar energy potential assessment: A framework to integrate geographic, technological, and economic indices for a potential analysis[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 149: 577-586. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.071
[26]	姚牧池. 不同工况下太阳能集热器耦合热泵干燥系统性能研究[D]. 昆明: 云南师范大学, 2023.
	YAO Muchi. Study on performance of solar collector coupled with heat pump drying system under different working conditions[D]. Kunming: Yunnan Normal University, 2023.
[27]	XU Y R, WAN F X, ZANG Z P, et al. Effect of different pretreatment methods on drying characteristics and quality of wolfberry (Lycium Barbarum) by radio frequency-hot air combined segmented drying[J]. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2024, 17(11): 3861-3875. doi: 10.1007/s11947-024-03340-0
[28]	ZHANG A N, XIE L, WANG Q H, et al. Effect of the ripening stage on the pulsed vacuum drying behavior of goji berry (Lycium Barbarum): Ultrastructure, drying characteristics, and browning mechanism[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 442: 138489. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138489
[29]	汤梓涵, 王帅杰, 鞠振河, 等. 光伏/光热耦合空气源热泵系统性能优化[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2024, 46(4): 34-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.04.005
	TANG Zihan, WANG Shuaijie, JU Zhenhe, et al. Performance optimization of photovoltaic/thermal systems coupled with air source heat pumps[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2024, 46(4): 34-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.04.005
[30]	胡芸蓉, 周礼庆, 姜海潮, 等. 新型宽温域热电双驱压缩-吸收型热泵循环特性分析[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2024, 46(12): 64-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.008
	HU Yunrong, ZHOU Liqing, JIANG Haichao, et al. Characteristic analysis of a new wide temperature range thermoelectric dual-drive compression-absorption heat pump cycle[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2024, 46(12): 64-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.12.008
[31]	魏夕凯, 谭效时, 阮嘉桐, 等. 2005—2021年区域和省级电网碳排放因子研究[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2024, 20(3): 337-350.
	WEI Xikai, TAN Xiaoshi, RUAN Jiatong, et al. Research on carbon emission factors of regional and provincial power grids from 2005 to 2021[J]. Climate Change Research, 2024, 20(3): 337-350.

参数	数值
模型尺寸（长×宽×高）/m	3.00×2.00×2.70
顶部风道高度/m	0.47
底部排湿腔/m	0.30
有效装载区（长×宽×高）/m	3.00×2.00×2.00
墙体和地板材料	50 mm聚氨酯夹芯板热导率为0.022~0.025 W/（m·K）

参数	数值
单托盘尺寸（长×宽）/m	1.20×1.00
单层托盘数量	4
总层数	5
总托盘数	20
单托盘装载量/kg	8.16
总装载量/kg	163.20

部件名称	部件类型	部件名称	部件类型
平板型集热器	Type71b	控制器	Type2c
空气源热泵	Type954a	混流三通	Type11c
气象数据	Type15-2	计算器	Equation
空气换热器	Type760	定频风机	Type3c
热泵蒸发器	Type752	排湿风机	Type146
打印机	Type65b	积分器	Type24

模型	模型计算	R²	R_MSE
Newton	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}={\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}$	0.928 5	0.045 2
Page	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}={\mathrm{e}}^{{}^{-\mathit{k}{\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{n}}}}$	0.991 2	0.015 8
Henderson and Pabis	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}=\mathit{a}{\mathrm{e}}^{{}^{-\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}}$	0.945 5	0.040 1
Logarithmic	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}=\mathit{a}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathit{k}\mathit{t}}+\mathit{c}$	0.978 8	0.024 1
Two-term	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}=\mathit{a}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\mathit{k}}_{0}\mathit{t}}+\mathit{b}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\mathit{k}}_{1}\mathit{t}}$	0.983 3	0.021 0
Wang and Singh	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}=1+\mathit{a}\mathit{t}+\mathit{b}{\mathit{t}}^{2}$	0.901 2	0.055 5
Thompson	$\mathit{t}=\mathit{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left({\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}\right)+\mathit{b}{\left[\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left({\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{R}}\right)\right]}^{2}$	0.935 1	0.042 0

参数设置	集热器面积/m²	热泵额定制热量/kW	集热器倾角/（°）
初始值	22	4.5	34
最小值	15	3.0	20
最大值	30	6.0	50
迭代步长	1	0.1	1