熔盐储热技术的应用现状与研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

熔盐是一种理想的储热介质，具有黏度低、蒸汽压低、热稳定性高、储热密度高等优点，因此熔盐储热技术可以广泛应用于太阳能光热发电、火力发电机组的调峰调频、供暖与余热回收利用等领域。目前对熔盐储热关键技术的研究普遍以太阳能光热发电为中心展开，针对其他场景的研究与应用不够充分。在不同的应用场景下，熔盐的工作温度区间、加热方式、关键部件的选择和系统流程的布置都有区别。概述了熔盐储热技术的优势特点与技术关键，总结了在不同场景下的研究现状和最新的应用示范，分析了目前熔盐储热技术需要加强研究的关键方面，并提出了未来的发展趋势与目标。

关键词: 熔盐, 储热, 光热发电, 火力发电机组, 余热回收

Abstract:

Molten salt heat storage is a key technology for constructing future neo power systems.Since molten salt，an ideal heat storage medium，is of low viscosity，low steam pressure，high stability，high heat storage density，molten salt heat storage technology can be widely used in solar thermal power generation， thermal power peak and frequency regulation，heating，and waste heat recovery and utilization.However，current researches about this technology mainly focus on its employment in solar photothermal power generation，while its applications in other scenarios are insufficient in study.Under different application scenarios，the working temperature range，heating mode，selection of key components and design of working flow of a molten salt heat storage system are different.The advantages，characteristics and key technologies of molten salt heat storage technology are expounded，the research progress and the latest demonstration projects under different scenarios are listed，and the key problems subjected to further research are analyzed.Finally，future development trend and target of this technology are proposed.

Key words: molten salt, heat storage, photothermal power generation, thermal power unit peak load regulation, waste heat recovery

中图分类号:

TK02

张钟平, 刘亨, 谢玉荣, 赵大周, 牟敏, 陈桥. 熔盐储热技术的应用现状与研究进展[J]. 综合智慧能源, 2023, 45(9): 40-47.

ZHANG Zhongping, LIU Heng, XIE Yurong, ZHAO Dazhou, MOU Min, CHEN Qiao. Application and research progress of molten salt heat storage technology[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2023, 45(9): 40-47.

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储能类型	储能方式	发展现状	容量范围	优点	缺点
机械储能	抽水蓄能	商业化	10 kW~100 MW	容量大、寿命长	选址受限、建设周期长
	压缩空气储能	商业化	10~100 MW	容最大、快速响应、容量功率范围灵活	选址受限
	飞轮储能	商业化	10 kW~1 MW	高效、寿命较长	自放电率高、短期储能、成本高
电化学储能	锂离子电池	商业化	10 kW~300 MW	能量需度高、高效率、无污染	成本较高
	全钒液流电池	商业化早期	100 kW~10 MW	充放电次数多、容量大、寿命短	能量密度较低
	钠硫电池	商业化	100 kW~10 MW	结构紧凑、容量大、效率高	运行维护费用高
储热	熔盐储热	商业化	10 kW~100 MW	储能密度大、无污染、安全稳定，适用于大规模、长寿命系统	初期投资成本高，熔盐性能、关键设备待提升
	固体储热	商业化	10 kW~100 MW	储热能力强，温度上限高	换热不稳定、寿命短
	水储热	商业化	—	储热稳定、来源丰富、投资低	储热温差小、温度低
电磁储能	超级电容器	研发中	10~100 kW	充放电快速、高效率、寿命长	能量密度低、成本高
电磁储能	超导储能	研发中	—	功率大、占地小、损耗小	成本高、自放电率高

作者	模拟软件	机组功率与类型	熔盐加热方式	模拟分析结果
邹小刚等^[40]	Ebsilon	350 MW燃煤	电加热	电加热熔盐系统循环热效率为33.2%，机组最低发电负荷可降至25.0%以下
刘金恺等^[41]	Matlab	600 MW燃煤	电加热	电加热熔盐储热，释热时加热旁路给水,调峰深度17.83%
范庆伟等^[42]	Ebsilon	600 MW燃煤	再热蒸汽	储热过程中每增加1 MW储热功率，耗煤增加0.3 g/(kW·h)
张显荣等^[43]	Aspenplus	600 MW燃煤	再热蒸汽	机组新增上/下调峰容量29.25/36.50 MW，新增上/下调峰深度4.87%/6.08%
王惠杰等^[44]	Aspenplus +Ebsilon	塔式太阳能+ 660 MW燃煤	塔式太阳能集热器	燃煤机组在80.00%~90.00%THA负荷下运行，煤耗降低率由5.76%提高到15.54%
庞力平等^[45]	Thermoflow	660 MW燃煤	再热蒸汽	储放热阶段，储热阶段的最大调峰量为6.82%，放热阶段为1.82%，明显提高了机组对负荷的响应速度
王坚等^[46]	无	350 MW燃煤	主蒸汽+再热蒸汽	储能规模达到650 MW·h以上，系统综合储能效率>90.2%