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Energy storage technologies and their applications and development XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 48-58.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007 Abstract （356）   HTML （17）    PDF （929KB）（818）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage is a key supportive technology for the energy revolution. In the context of carbon neutrality， the fast-growing energy storage technology is playing an increasingly important role in energy industry. Existing energy storage technologies and their development statuses are expounded， focusing on their characteristics and differences. And the application scenarios and economy of these technologies are comprehensively compared. The key to battery researches is introducing new energy storage materials to solve its non-traditional electrochemical problems. Thermochemical energy storage is suitable for long-term storage due to its low energy consumption in reversible reactions， but attention should be paid to its cyclic dynamic characteristics， modeling and cost control. Pumped energy storage and compressed air storage technology are mature technologies， which are of high storage capacity and suitable for large-scale energy storage projects. However， the two technologies are limited by siting constraints， high cost of infrastructure construction and difference in operation and maintenance costs. Flywheel energy storage technology is suitable for the scenarios in need of frequent start-up and short energy release time， but how to the reduce energy loss in conversion is the challenge. Applications of hydrogen energy is restricted by difficulties in storage and transportation and its low energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide reference for relevant researches and policy formulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research progress of molten salt heat storage technology ZHANG Zhongping, LIU Heng, XIE Yurong, ZHAO Dazhou, MOU Min, CHEN Qiao Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 40-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.006 Abstract （361）   HTML （19）    PDF （2330KB）（471）       Knowledge map    Save Molten salt heat storage is a key technology for constructing future neo power systems.Since molten salt，an ideal heat storage medium，is of low viscosity，low steam pressure，high stability，high heat storage density，molten salt heat storage technology can be widely used in solar thermal power generation， thermal power peak and frequency regulation，heating，and waste heat recovery and utilization.However，current researches about this technology mainly focus on its employment in solar photothermal power generation，while its applications in other scenarios are insufficient in study.Under different application scenarios，the working temperature range，heating mode，selection of key components and design of working flow of a molten salt heat storage system are different.The advantages，characteristics and key technologies of molten salt heat storage technology are expounded，the research progress and the latest demonstration projects under different scenarios are listed，and the key problems subjected to further research are analyzed.Finally，future development trend and target of this technology are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and prospect of compressed air energy storage technology WAN Mingzhong, WANG Yuanyuan, LI Jun, LU Yuanwei, ZHAO Tian, WU Yuting Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 26-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004 Abstract （435）   HTML （14）    PDF （1004KB）（415）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage is the key technology to achieve the initiative of "reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060".Since compressed air energy storage has the advantages of large energy storage capacity， high system efficiency， and long operating life，it is a technology suitable for promotion in large-scale electric energy storage projects， and also an important means of large-scale renewable energy consumption on grid side. The development process， working principles， research statuses and challenges of compressed air energy storage systems in different forms are comprehensively expounded， and the development trend of compressed air energy storage technology is analysed from the perspective of compressed heat storage， providing references for the design for the future systems. The research results show that with the development of high-temperature heat storage technologies， high temperature adiabatic compressed air energy storage technology has become a research hotspot in this field because of its extraordinary working efficiency. Taking the molten salt with low melting point as the heat storage medium of a compressed air energy storage system to store the heat from the high-temperature compressor， can reduce the storage temperature of compressed water and the initial investment cost of the compressed air energy storage system significantly. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Key technologies and construction practices of virtual power plants LIU Jian, LIU Yuxin, ZHUANG Hanyu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 59-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.008 Abstract （218）   HTML （10）    PDF （1216KB）（402）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of pursuing dual carbon target and constructing a new power system with new energy as the main body， the virtual power plant has become an important component of smart grid and Energy Internet due to its flexibility and effectiveness in managing distributed energy resources. The virtual power plant integrates distributed energy resources （including adjustable load，interruptible load and energy storage）through controlling，metering，communication and optimization technologies，and realizes smooth interactions and optimized operation of source，network，load and storage，which is conducive to the rational and optimal allocation and utilization of resources. The structure，network topology，control strategy and key technologies of the virtual power plant accessed to the power dispatching system are introduced，and the problems in protection configuration，information communication and intelligent terminals are discussed.The improvement measures put forward provide a reference for similar projects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction on the regional carbon emission factor for power generation based on multi-dimensional data and deep learning LI Fangyi, LI Nan, ZHOU Yan, XIE Wu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 11-17.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.002 Abstract （94）   HTML （6）    PDF （1277KB）（394）       Knowledge map    Save With the support of carbon trading policy， the real-time， accurate and comprehensive measurement on power enterprises' carbon emissions is the basis for structure adjustment， technological innovation， supply and demand side interaction and carbon trading of power generation industry. The calculation and prediction on dynamic carbon emission factors is still limited by the data collection and transmission system. By taking deep learning， a prediction model， called GRU-Attention model， was built by combining dual attention mechanism with traditional Gate Recurrent Unit （GRU） neural network. Then， a GRU model， a Long Short-Term Memory （LSTM） model， a LSTM model based on dual attention mechanism（LSTM-Attention） and a GRU-Attention model were constructed and trained by the power data of Hefei in 2022 and average meteorological data of Hefei， to achieve hourly prediction on carbon emission factor. Comparing the prediction results made by the four models above， it is found that the prediction made by the GRU-Attention model is more accurate than that of the other three models， which can advance the mid- and long-term prediction on carbon emission factor. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on development and key technologies of integrated intelligent energy in the context of carbon neutrality TENG Jialun, LI Hongzhong Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 53-63.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.007 Abstract （211）   HTML （11）    PDF （1233KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated intelligent energy is an energy system that can achieve intelligent, efficient, green and safe energy production, transmission, storage, consumption and management by integrating information and communication technology, energy, intelligent manufacturing and other technical means. It is not only a technological revolution，but also a revolution in energy industry，transforming traditional energy systems into intelligent，integrated and green systems.Relying on energy data collection，transmission and processing，an integrated intelligent energy system can optimized energy allocation and manage energy precisely，thereby achieving sustainable development.In the analysis on the key technologies and development direction of integrated intelligent energy under the background of carbon neutrality，the development status of integrated intelligent energy at home and abroad is introduced，then its connotations and technical architecture are elaborated.The key technologies can be sorted into six groups：energy production，energy transmission，energy storage，energy consumption，intelligent energy and multi-energy synergistic optimization.According to the core issues of each technology pointed out in the analysis，four suggestions are put forward：promoting the construction of intelligent power market，enhancing energy data management capabilities，boosting the power supply business on user end，and developing core technologies and equipment independently in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal scheduling of the data center integrated energy system considering load response characteristics YU Wenchang, CHEN Yonggang, CAO Junbo, ZUO Luyuan, ZHANG Xiangyin, YANG Xiu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (10): 25-34.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.004 Abstract （134）   HTML （6）    PDF （1418KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save In the collaboration of "computing power + electric power" under the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality，the data center，whose power consumption is substantive and growing rapidly，has great potential in carbon emission reduction and load regulation. To give full play to the flexibility of data center loads，an optimal scheduling strategy of the data center integrated energy system considering the load response characteristics is proposed. Firstly，an optimized scheduling framework for the data center integrated energy system is established. The load response characteristics and equipment energy consumption of the data center are modelled，to study the cold，heat and electric loads of the data center. Then，the objective function and constraint conditions are determined，and the optimization model is established to minimize the operation cost of the data center energy system. Finally，the simulation analysis is made on a data center. Comparing the performances of the data center energy system under different scenarios， the optimal strategy with the optimal allocation of workloads is figured out which can effectively reduce the system cost and energy consumption. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance analysis on high temperature air source heat pump coupling cycle based on industrial waste heat SUN Jian, QIN Yu, HAO Junhong, YANG Yongping Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 40-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.005 Abstract （91）   HTML （3）    PDF （1319KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save Industrial waste heat，with a wide range of temperature，can be hardly utilized by conventional ways. Heat pumps can recovery medium and low temperature waste heat effectively， safely and environmental-friendly with low energy consumption. However， traditional absorption heat pumps and compressive heat pumps can only work in a narrow temperature range due to the limitations of thermodynamic cycle， thermodynamic properties of their working mediums and temperature and pressure resistance of their compressors， which cannot meet the requirements of "high heating temperature" and " wide temperature range heat transfer" of industrial waste heat recovery. To solve the problems above， an ultra-high temperature air source heat pump unit based on absorption and compression coupling cycle is proposed. The unit can recover heat from industrial waste steam（120 ℃） and air to produce 160 ℃ hot water（vapor）. The proposed coupling cycle is modelled and simulated by Engineering Equation Solver（EES）. The results show that the COP of the heat pump unit peaks at 1.600 under the optimal working condition under which hot water temperature is 130 ℃ and outdoor temperature is 30 ℃. When the hot water temperature rises to 160 ℃， the COP of the heat pump unit will be 1.400. The coupling cycle greatly broadens the working temperature range of heat pumps and improves their heating temperature. The study is of certain reference value for heat pumps in industrial waste heat recovery， and can significantly improve the utilization rate of primary energy in industrial field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on power distribution strategy of an RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system LI Jing, DOU Zhenlan, WANG Jiaxiang, ZHANG Chunyan, LU Tao, NI Yaobing Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 78-86.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.009 Abstract （127）   HTML （1）    PDF （1415KB）（279）       Knowledge map    Save As a new hydrogen storage technology， a reversible solid oxide cell（RSOC）has a promising application prospects in renewable integrated energy systems. Low-temperature hydrogen storage technologies take stack power as system power in power allocation strategy making. A RSOC system is equipped with a large power consumption auxiliary system， Balance of Plant （BOP）， to maintain its high-temperature operation， and the power control rate is limited by the safety temperature. Therefore， the power allocation strategy for the RSOC is decided by the power consumption of the BOP and power control rate of the RSOC hydrogen-water energy conversion system. The modelling of an RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen integrated energy system should make developing the power model for the RSOC hydrogen-water energy conversion system with BOP the priority. To optimize the power distribution in the RSOC-based wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen integrated energy system， a power distribution strategy considering the constraints of the RSOC power control rate and the capacities of subsystems is established， with the goals of minimizing the system daily operating cost and maximizing the consumption of the wind and photovoltaic power. The optimization is solved by multi-objective particle swarm optimization （MOPSO） algorithm. Compared with the general operation strategies， the optimization strategy proposed provides the system with more benefits. Moreover， the participation of the power grid and the storage battery increases the flexibility of the power regulation and reduces the overall operating power of the system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Researches on data center integrated energy systems based on knowledge graph WANG Yongzhen, HAN Yibo, HAN Kai, HAN Juntao, SONG Kuo, ZHANG Lanlan Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (7): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.07.001 Abstract （136）   HTML （12）    PDF （3392KB）（267）       Knowledge map    Save As a key infrastructure in digital economy era， the energy consumption and carbon emissions of data centers are becoming increasingly prominent， and a series of research has been conducted by global scholars in the past decade. To comprehensively reveal the progress of global data center energy consumption researches， this article proposes a perspective based on integrated energy system and a metric method based on knowledge graph， and conducts a review of the latest research on the integrated energy system of data center from various aspects such as research trends， theoretical method and engineering cases. Firstly， a qualitative and quantitative analysis is conducted on international collaboration， characteristic distribution， and research hotspots in the field of global data center energy research based on scientific publications. Based on this， the article focuses on the research of data center integrated energy systems， which involve energy cascading utilization， multi-energy complementarity， and source-grid-load-storage integration. It analyzes the planning and design， operational evaluation， computational solution methods， and key points of data center integrated energy systems， revealing that the energy systems of data centers are constantly moving towards multidimensional global optimization that includes economic and low-carbon aspects. Finally， the article discusses the inapplicability of traditional PUE in data center integrated energy systems and preliminarily proposes evaluation indicators and systems for data center energy systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the construction path of functional zero-carbon parks LIU Tianyang, GAO Yajing, XIE Dian, ZHAO Liang Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 44-52.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.006 Abstract （102）   HTML （3）    PDF （2413KB）（265）       Knowledge map    Save The park is a core component of industrial agglomeration development. The construction of zero-carbon parks is significant for regions in realizing carbon peak， carbon neutrality and high-quality development. Since functional parks， such as business parks， logistic parks and campuses， are of clear carbon emission sources，apparent paths for carbon reduction and good demonstration effects，these parks are the key to zero-carbon park construction. To facilitate the construction of zero-carbon functional parks， a replicable implementation method should be formulated. The related definitions， industrial development status and related policies of zero-carbon parks are summarized. According to the characteristics of the energy demand and carbon emissions of functional parks，a five-step method for zero-carbon park construction is proposed， which includes assessment on carbon emission，analysis on key zero-carbon technologies，planning of park reconstruction，system operation monitoring and comprehensive evaluation. Taking a business park as the example， the key factors affecting the cost and benefit of the park taking zero-carbon reconstruction are analyzed， and the comprehensive evaluation on relevant indicators is conducted. The results show that the payback period of the IEC park is eight years，and its cost and benefit are highly related to the installed capacity of PV units and trading price of carbon sink. If 50% park area is covered with PV modules， and the trading price of carbon sink reaches at 500 yuan/t，the payback period can be reduced to 6.7 years. The proposed planning method of functional zero-carbon parks can be widely used in various scenarios， such as office areas，campuses and hospitals. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration on market-driven capacity compensation mechanism FENG Li, LIU Bo, HAN Zhenyu, ZHANG Mengyu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 81-86.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.011 Abstract （136）   HTML （5）    PDF （1103KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of renewable energy and electricity spot market， the functional repositioning of coal-fired units leads to stranded costs. To ensure sufficient generation capacity adequacy and reliable operation of the power system， a capacity compensation mechanism need to be introduced to power market. A capacity compensation mechanism aiming to provide electricity market incentives is designed. summarizing the implementation process of the capacity compensation mechanism， the assorted clearing， assessment， adjustment， and information disclosure mechanism. The analysis results provide a reference for other provinces exploring capacity cost recovery mechanisms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on intelligent planning and decision-making technology for the new active distribution network WU Xueqiong, XIA Dong Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (11): 20-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.11.003 Abstract （88）   HTML （7）    PDF （921KB）（249）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerating construction of new power system and popularity of active renewable distributed energy，passive distribution networks are moving towards active distribution networks quickly.However，renewable power is intermittent and uncontrollable，and the penetration of high-proportion renewable energy has brought serious threats to the safe and reliable operation of networks.Active distribution network is an effective solution for large-scale distributed energy grid connection and distribution network optimal operation.To maintain the optimal operation state of the power grid， scholars have conducted extensive researches about active distribution network management.The hot issues in this field include active distribution network planning，active distribution network intelligent decision-making，active distribution network power supply restoration and active distribution network load management. The progress made in these key technologies and the status quos of active distribution networks at home and abroad are analysed. And the analysis results show that the robust planning for active distribution networks taking uncertainties and temporal and spatial correlations into consideration is the development direction for the following studies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-carbon economic scheduling of deep peak regulating market with the participation of wind power，thermal power，storage and carbon capture units considering demand response YU Haibin, GAO Yiling, LU Zengjie, DONG Shuai, LU Lin, REN Yizhi Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 80-89.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.010 Abstract （85）   HTML （2）    PDF （1494KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Save Under the "dual carbon" target， it is necessary to vigorously develop clean energy and keep the guarantee role of thermal power. In order to adapt the market mechanism on both source and load end to the peak-load shaving requirements of the power grid with high permeability of renewable energy，a multi-source deep peak regulation （DPR） model with the participation of wind power，thermal power，storage and carbon capture units is proposed based on priced-based demand response（PBDR），and the characteristics of the demand response mechanism are analysed. The model not only solves the excessive energy loss， high cost， high carbon emissions and lack of motivation in participating in DPR of thermal power units， but also optimizes their output and load curves， working well on peak-load shifting， peak regulation cost reduction and pressure alleviation. Numerical study examples show that the proposed model is effective in improving wind power consumption， and reducing the coal consumption， operation cost and deep peak regulation times of thermal power units. Carbon capture units can further reduce the carbon emissions and facilitate energy storage units' earnings from participation in DPR. The pricing strategy considering the cost characteristics of thermal-storage units realizes the economic and low-carbon DRP of power grid. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on user-side energy storage coordinated and optimized scheduling mechanism under cloud energy storage mode CUI Jindong, WANG Yuqing Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 18-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.003 Abstract （71）   HTML （2）    PDF （1287KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous advancement of the "dual carbon" target， energy storage application scenarios are emerging endlessly. Small energy storage units on the user side have advantages of small size， convenient deployment and flexible application. However， the overly random scheduling mode also brings hidden dangers to the operation of the power grid. Based on the concept of cloud energy storage， the interconnection and interoperability of small energy storage devices on the user side can be realized， and the architecture and operation mode of cloud energy storage system are proposed. Then， a cluster scheduling strategy for small energy storage devices under cloud energy storage mode is designed， whose feasibility is verified by simulation examples. The simulation results show that the proposed operation mode and optimized scheduling scheme are feasible， easy to implement， and effective， which can facilitate the application of energy storage units in new scenarios. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on thermal stability of molten salt composites added with SiO2 nanoparticles MENG Qiang, YANG Yang, XIONG Yaxuan Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 32-39.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.005 Abstract （78）   HTML （2）    PDF （2096KB）（242）       Knowledge map    Save Molten salt nanofluid shows excellent performance in heat transfer and storage， but its thermal stability in heat storage/release process is crucial since the material has to undergo numerous similar cycles once it is taken as heat transfer and storage medium. Molten salt composites with different formulations were prepared by high-temperature melting method，and their heat storage/release performance was tested on a self-designed test bench. The measured samples were taken at a same time interval， and their melting point， latent heat， thermogravimetry， specific heat and thermal conductivity were tested by differential scanning calorimetry and laser flash. The relationship of the thermophysical properties of the molten salt composites with their ingredients and the number of heat storage/release cycles were obtained. It is found that the composite added with 1.0% SiO2 has a lower melting point， a wider temperature range for operation， and requires a lower investment in the thermal storage system， while the composite added with 0.5%SiO2 has a better specific heat capacity than those of other composites with SiO2 of different ratios. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the optimal allocation of energy storage in distribution network based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm LIU Ziqi, SU Tingting, HE Jiayang, WANG Yu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.002 Abstract （184）   HTML （16）    PDF （1218KB）（238）       Knowledge map    Save The energy storage technology has the ability to adjust power and the time of energy，so as to effectively improve the output characteristics and shedulability of renewable energy. Thus， it is important to study the energy storage optimized configurations under different scenarios.Taking the technical and economic indicators into consideration comprehensively， an energy storage allocation method based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization（MOPSO）algorithm is proposed. The multi-objective energy storage configuration model can be solved by MOPSO， and the adaptive mutation strategy is introduced in the population updating process to improve the exploration capability of particles and ensure the population diversity and the late convergence. The global optimal solution for energy storage comprehensively optimizes the technical and economic indicators. The feasibility and superiority of the proposed method are verified by Matlab simulation， and the research results have theoretical and engineering value for the optimal configurations of energy storage systems in distribution network. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the automatic power control system of the photovoltaic-storage collaborative integrated smart energy station CHEN Xiaoying, LOU Jikai, QIU Yaming, HU Jing, LU Yichen, CEN Yao, LEI Ding Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 77-85.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.010 Abstract （89）   HTML （3）    PDF （2043KB）（232）       Knowledge map    Save To maximize the revenue of adjustable loads participating in power market ancillary services， it is imperative to enhance the automatic control on adjustable loads. In view of the large adjustable capacity and fast response speed of photovoltaic-storage collaborative smart energy systems， the basic requirements for the integrated smart energy's control systems participating in automatic power control （APC） ancillary services are proposed based on the adjustable load assessment and compensation indicators in the Implementation Measures for East China Regional Power Grid Operation Management and Implementation Measures for East China Regional Power Ancillary Service Management. Then， a complete three-level control system architecture is constructed， including multi-scale load forecasting， APC response strategy optimization and bottom-level collaborative control. The deployment and typical monitoring interfaces of the control system are given. Project practices show that this control system can achieve fully automatic and economic APC response for photovoltaic-storage collaborative smart energy， providing reference for similar park-type integrated smart energy stations participating in APC ancillary services and the design of bottom-level control system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Carbon flow tracking method of power systems based on the complex power distribution matrix YAN Limei, HU Wenshuo Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.001 Abstract （100）   HTML （3）    PDF （1220KB）（229）       Knowledge map    Save The proposal of the dual carbon target prompts the low carbon transformation of power systems. To obtain the carbon flow and distribution in a power grid， a carbon flow tracking method for power systems based on the complex power distribution matrix is proposed. The matrix is constructed based on precise carbon footprint tracking results. And the power generated by different units at each node in a lossy network is obtained. Then， a carbon emission model for thermal power units is constructed based on types of the units and their long-term operating data. Finally， based on the power supply-side carbon emissions and the conversion relationship between carbon flow and power flow obtained from the model， the carbon emission distributions varying with the loads， branches， and network losses are analyzed. The carbon emissions of network losses are divided according to the coupling relationship between active and reactive power， achieving accurate tracking of the carbon flow in the power system. The proposed model was tested in an IEEE 14 node system and an IEEE 30 node system， whose results verified the effectiveness of the carbon flow tracking model in calculating real-time carbon emissions of the power system， carbon emissions of different loads， branches and network losses. The model stated the influence of reactive power on carbon emissions，which can guide the carbon emission responsibility allocation on user side and the carbon emission reduction strategy making. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on the convergence potential of electric vehicles considering their subjective and objective responsiveness LIANG Yan, GUO Li, ZHANG Dan, LIU Zhiqi, HU Yubin, ZHOU Xia, WEI Cong, SHAN Yu Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.001 Abstract （70）   HTML （6）    PDF （1349KB）（228）       Knowledge map    Save Planning and operation of distribution networks become increasingly challenging with the large-scale grid connection of electric vehicles （EVs）. Studying the orderly control and unified scheduling of EV charging and discharging can facilitate peak load regulation assisted by the load of substantial EVs. In response to the distribution network overload caused by the extensive grid-connection of EVs， a potential evaluation method for electric vehicle aggregation considering subjective and objective response capabilities of the grid side and the user side is proposed. Then， EVs are classified by the k-means clustering algorithm and contour coefficient method， which improves the efficiency of the model solving when massive EVs are connected to the grid under the premise of sufficient operational fluidity of EVs. Finally， the weight set is obtained by the comprehensive weighting method combining the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method， and the aggregation potential evaluation result of electric vehicle demand response is obtained by the rank-sum ratio（RSR） comprehensive evaluation method. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed evaluation method， providing a new approach for the unified scheduling of EVs， and having engineering value for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics