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    Review on solar thermal power generation technologies and their development
    ZHANG Jinping, ZHOU Qiang, WANG Dingmei, LI Jin, LIU Lijuan
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (2): 44-52.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.02.006
    Abstract248)   HTML9)    PDF (928KB)(1846)       Save

    Under the "dual carbon" target, new energy ushers in a leapfrog development,which makes an higher requirement for power system flexibility. The regulation capacity of concentrating solar power (CSP)plants can rival that of conventional thermal units. CSP plants can participate in peak load and frequency regulations timely and deeply, which improves the flexibility of the power system. Thus,CSP is a promising renewable energy generation technology. Based on the introduction on the operation principle and structure of a CSP plant, the advantages,disadvantages and research progress of various CSP technologies are analyzed. The problems and development direction of CSP technology are discussed based on the status quo and demand of CSP.

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    Study on the status quo and development trend of grid-forming converter technology
    YU Guo, WU Jun, XIA Re, CHEN Yihui, GUO Zihui, HUANG Wenxin
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (9): 65-70.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.09.009
    Abstract436)   HTML9)    PDF (1104KB)(1408)       Save

    Due to the numerous electric and electrical devices and high-penetration new energy in a power system,the system's inertia tends to decrease and its strength and stability are hampered. In order to improve the stability of the system,a grid-forming converter technology which gives play to the flexibility and controllability of converters,compensates for the missing inherent inertia damping and provides reliable voltage and frequency support for the system is proposed.Based on the comparison between grid-forming control and gird-following control technologies,different network construction control strategies are analyzed. Then, the grid-forming high-pressure energy storage technology is introduced.The bottlenecks,challenges and feasible solutions of the technology are pointed out.The research results show that since the grid construction control technology can effectively improve the inertia damping,and provide the voltage and frequency support for the power system,it is promising in new power systems with high proportion of new energy and a large quantity of electronic equipment.

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    Review on water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by fluctuating wind power and PV
    Leijiao GE, Qingxue CUI, Mingwei LI, Fang YAO, Xiaona YANG, Tianshuo DU
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.001
    Abstract400)   HTML10)    PDF (1559KB)(1033)       Save

    Water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by green energy such as PV and wind power is an important technical rout to realize the national energy strategy of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking. Nevertheless,the volatility of wind power and PV seriously affects the dynamic adaptability and operational reliability of the hydrogen production system based on water electrolysis. By expounding the characteristics of the hydrogen production technology powered by wind-PV complementary systems,and analyzing the mechanism and economy of this technology,an efficient and reliable technical rout of water electrolysis for hydrogen production powered by fluctuating wind power and PV is conceived,to extricate from the predicament in water electrolysis for hydrogen production. There are three key steps in the realization path, system configuration optimization, stable operation and service life extension. Targeting at the system service life management, the safe, reliable and economic operation of the water electrolysis system for hydrogen production powered by PV and wind power lays a favorable foundation for the development of wind-PV-hydrogen industry chain.

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    Energy storage technologies and their applications and development
    XUE Fu, MA Xiaoming, YOU Yanjun
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 48-58.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.007
    Abstract356)   HTML17)    PDF (929KB)(818)       Save

    Energy storage is a key supportive technology for the energy revolution. In the context of carbon neutrality, the fast-growing energy storage technology is playing an increasingly important role in energy industry. Existing energy storage technologies and their development statuses are expounded, focusing on their characteristics and differences. And the application scenarios and economy of these technologies are comprehensively compared. The key to battery researches is introducing new energy storage materials to solve its non-traditional electrochemical problems. Thermochemical energy storage is suitable for long-term storage due to its low energy consumption in reversible reactions, but attention should be paid to its cyclic dynamic characteristics, modeling and cost control. Pumped energy storage and compressed air storage technology are mature technologies, which are of high storage capacity and suitable for large-scale energy storage projects. However, the two technologies are limited by siting constraints, high cost of infrastructure construction and difference in operation and maintenance costs. Flywheel energy storage technology is suitable for the scenarios in need of frequent start-up and short energy release time, but how to the reduce energy loss in conversion is the challenge. Applications of hydrogen energy is restricted by difficulties in storage and transportation and its low energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide reference for relevant researches and policy formulation.

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    Overview on the characteristics,connotation and development status of virtual power plants in China
    ZHONG Yongjie, JI Ling, LI Jingxia, JIANG Yanjun, WU Shiwei, WANG Zidong
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (6): 25-36.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.06.003
    Abstract393)   HTML47)    PDF (3654KB)(649)       Save

    To achieve the "30·60" goal,virtual power plants have been taken as an important measure to construct a new power system and complete energy transformation. It is also the development direction for the safe and efficient utilization of new energy. The connotation and overall characteristics of virtual power plants are introduced. And against the backdrop of the status quo in China, the main business segments of a virtual power plant and its political environment are expounded. Given the existing cases home and abroad, the supporting elements including controllable resources,key technologies and market mechanism for the rapid development of virtual power plants are summarized. Then, the problems in the promotion of virtual power plants in China are summarized based on the three development phases. Based on the understanding on the connotation and basic characteristics,it is believed that virtual power plants are promising in integrated application with digitalization,intelligentization,cloud sharing,artificial intelligence,big data,Internet of Things and other technologies.

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    Feasibility analysis on methane production by CO2 hydrogenation in China
    CHEN Yong, SU Junhua, WANG Yang
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (6): 86-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.06.010
    Abstract231)   HTML29)    PDF (985KB)(573)       Save

    The vigorous implementation of CO2 emission reduction and renewable energy draws forth the market of methane production by CO2 hydrogenation.The technical route of CO2 hydrogenation to CH4 was described from hydrogen sources,CO2 sources,methanation reaction catalysts and reactors,and the application prospect and economy of this technology were analyzed.Storage and transit of renewable energy is an important pillar of integrated energy systems,capturing CO2 by abandoned PV and wind power can facilitate the realization of carbon neutrality.The generated CH4 is a supplement of natural gas in pipelines nearby,which greatly saves the cost of energy storage and transportation and improves energy utilization efficiency.If there is a raise in CO2 trading price and a drop in price of renewable energy,methane production by CO2 hydrogenation will embrace a promising future in China.

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    Progress in technologies of metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells
    GAO Yuan, LI Zhi, LI Jiahong, GAO Jiutao, LI Chengxin, LI Changjiu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (8): 1-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.08.001
    Abstract161)   HTML9)    PDF (11524KB)(542)       Save

    Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS-SOFC), being able to start-up rapidly, are transformative technology to facilitate the realization of dual carbon target. With low-cost ferritic stainless steel as support whose thermal expansion coefficient(CTE) is similar to that of ceramic electrolyte, MS-SOFC is expected to be of a significantly lower manufacturing cost, good mechanical performance and sealing performance. Metal interconnect and metal support are two core components for a MS-SOFC, and their common materials are ferritic stainless steel, Cr-based alloy and Ni-based alloy. Japan, Germany, the United States and China have developed various stainless steels for SOFCs. And stainless-steel coating technologies have made significant progress which can improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of the materials. In view of the problem in the MS-SOFC prepared by high-temperature sintering method, thermal spraying method and low-temperature sintering method have taken its place. The metal support and interconnect of a MS-SOFC can be effectively connected by traditional welding method, and the fuel gas can be effectively sealed by taking porous metal support-connector structure which is formed in powder pressing and sintering processes. The reasons for the degradation of MS-SOFCs include oxidation of metal materials, cathodic toxicity caused by Cr volatilization, coarsening of catalyst particles,etc. Many companies, such as Ceres Power of the UK, General Electric(GE) of the US, German Aerospace Center(DLR), German Forschungszentrum Jülich(FZJ) and Plansee of Austria, have made remarkable achievements in preliminary commercialization of MS-SOFC.

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    Classification and characteristic analysis of adjustable resources on the user side
    ZHENG Qingrong, LU Yingjie, XIANG Jiani, CHEN Yuyang, GONG Feixiang, YUAN Jindou, WU Yingjun
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (11): 50-55.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.11.007
    Abstract203)   HTML6)    PDF (933KB)(535)       Save

    Since the rapid growth of load has posed a huge challenge to the stability of the power system, supply-side regulation and control capabilities of traditional methods have gradually been weakened. Therefore, demand response, as an important means to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand during power peak periods, has received increasing attention. Demand response can improve the stability of the grid by scheduling the adjustable loads on demand sides and reducing partial load capacity in peak load periods. Therefore, it is of great significance to study adjustable resources on load sides. Based on the existing researches on user-side load classification, a classification method for user-side resources according to their energy supply and consumption attributes is proposed. By analyzing the typical loads of different energy supply and consumption attributes and their characteristics, a resource library of loads with different attributes has been established, which lays a foundation for in-depth research on demand response.

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    Optimal configuration for energy storage system capacity of wind-solar-storage microgrid
    ZHOU Chengwei, LI Peng, YU Bin, YU Tianyang, MENG Wei
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (12): 56-61.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.12.008
    Abstract241)   HTML10)    PDF (985KB)(521)       Save

    Due to the intermittent and fluctuating characteristics of distributed energies such as solar energy and wind energy, energy storage technology is taken to effectively reduce their output fluctuations and improve their controllability. Based on the analysis on the characteristics of a wind-solar-storage microgrid's output, an optimal capacity allocation model taking the minimum total investment cost, lowest annual load power shortage rate and optimal wind and solar energy abandonment rate of the microgrid system as the optimization objectives is established. The model's optimal capacity allocation schemes under different constraints and operation strategies are obtained by non-dominated sequencing genetic algorithm (NSGA). The results show that the wind-solar-storage microgrid system optimized by the optimal energy storage capacity allocation scheme and NSGA is of a lower total investment cost, and higher power-supply reliability and energy utilization rate.

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    Review on hydrogen production technology from offshore wind power to achieve carbon neutrality
    Chang YAN, Sheng HUANG, Yinpeng QU
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (5): 30-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.05.003
    Abstract171)   HTML5)    PDF (2119KB)(502)       Save

    As China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a phase of high-quality growth,the construction of a green,low-carbon and clean energy system with renewable energy as the mainstay has become an important strategy for China’s energy development.Using the green electricity from offshore wind farms to power hydrogen production is not only a new way for offshore wind power consumption, but also an important means to replace traditional energy by new energy and to achieve carbon neutrality in the future.At present,the hydrogen storage and grid-connection costs of offshore wind-to- hydrogen systems are fairly high.Thus,how to achieve the optimal equipment configuration and control of a system in grid-connected state or off-grid state is an urgent problem to be solved.Based on the reviews on the current research progress made in offshore wind power generation,hydrogen production and storage and offshore wind power-to-hydrogen systems at home and abroad,the prospect for the technologies above are made.

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    Application of situational awareness technology in the safe and stable operation of new power systems
    LI Hua, LU Mingxuan, TONG Yongji, ZHONG Chongfei
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (3): 24-33.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.03.004
    Abstract120)   HTML12)    PDF (1065KB)(498)       Save

    Under the "dual carbon" target, the new power system with high proportion of renewable energy is becoming more intelligent, and the applications of phase measurement units (PMU), wide area metering systems (WAMS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology get wider. Meanwhile, the safe and stable operation of new power systems is under great challenges. Situational awareness technology can make power system operation visible and controllable. The mapping and classification of situational awareness technology in power systems under the architecture of "perception-understanding-prediction" is introduced, and the new problems imposed to the safe and stable operation of new power systems are analysed. The research status and application of situational awareness technology in source-load prediction, safe and stable operation and real-time operation state analysis are summarized, which provides references for subsequent researches.

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    Application and development of CO2 transcritical cycle heat pumps
    LI Minxia, HOU Beiran, WANG Pai, DONG Liwei, TIAN Hua
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (4): 12-18.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.04.002
    Abstract200)   HTML11)    PDF (1546KB)(483)       Save

    Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,the application of heat pumps with natural working medium CO2 as refrigerant is more in line with the new requirements of green development and environmental protection.Comparing the status of overseas and domestic researches on CO2 heat pumps in different scenarios,it is found out that CO2 emissions from a CO2 heat pump water heater is 40% lower than that from a traditional electric water heater.The most prominent advantage of a CO2 heat pumps is the significant temperature rise which leads to high working efficiency.In low outdoor temperatures,CO2 heat pumps can satisfy the hot water demands of users along railways and in rural areas of northern China with high annual energy efficiency ratios. CO2 on-board air conditioners have been developed and basically into mass production.Compared with a traditional electric dryer,a CO2 heat pump dryer can save energy by 55% at most.CO2 heat pump technology will be a hot spot in the future research on environmental protection and low-carbon technologies, and will play a key role in China's "dual carbon" target.

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    Application and research progress of molten salt heat storage technology
    ZHANG Zhongping, LIU Heng, XIE Yurong, ZHAO Dazhou, MOU Min, CHEN Qiao
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 40-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.006
    Abstract361)   HTML19)    PDF (2330KB)(471)       Save

    Molten salt heat storage is a key technology for constructing future neo power systems.Since molten salt,an ideal heat storage medium,is of low viscosity,low steam pressure,high stability,high heat storage density,molten salt heat storage technology can be widely used in solar thermal power generation, thermal power peak and frequency regulation,heating,and waste heat recovery and utilization.However,current researches about this technology mainly focus on its employment in solar photothermal power generation,while its applications in other scenarios are insufficient in study.Under different application scenarios,the working temperature range,heating mode,selection of key components and design of working flow of a molten salt heat storage system are different.The advantages,characteristics and key technologies of molten salt heat storage technology are expounded,the research progress and the latest demonstration projects under different scenarios are listed,and the key problems subjected to further research are analyzed.Finally,future development trend and target of this technology are proposed.

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    Research progress and prospect of compressed air energy storage technology
    WAN Mingzhong, WANG Yuanyuan, LI Jun, LU Yuanwei, ZHAO Tian, WU Yuting
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (9): 26-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.09.004
    Abstract435)   HTML14)    PDF (1004KB)(415)       Save

    Energy storage is the key technology to achieve the initiative of "reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060".Since compressed air energy storage has the advantages of large energy storage capacity, high system efficiency, and long operating life,it is a technology suitable for promotion in large-scale electric energy storage projects, and also an important means of large-scale renewable energy consumption on grid side. The development process, working principles, research statuses and challenges of compressed air energy storage systems in different forms are comprehensively expounded, and the development trend of compressed air energy storage technology is analysed from the perspective of compressed heat storage, providing references for the design for the future systems. The research results show that with the development of high-temperature heat storage technologies, high temperature adiabatic compressed air energy storage technology has become a research hotspot in this field because of its extraordinary working efficiency. Taking the molten salt with low melting point as the heat storage medium of a compressed air energy storage system to store the heat from the high-temperature compressor, can reduce the storage temperature of compressed water and the initial investment cost of the compressed air energy storage system significantly.

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    Key technologies and construction practices of virtual power plants
    LIU Jian, LIU Yuxin, ZHUANG Hanyu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (6): 59-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.06.008
    Abstract218)   HTML10)    PDF (1216KB)(402)       Save

    In the context of pursuing dual carbon target and constructing a new power system with new energy as the main body, the virtual power plant has become an important component of smart grid and Energy Internet due to its flexibility and effectiveness in managing distributed energy resources. The virtual power plant integrates distributed energy resources (including adjustable load,interruptible load and energy storage)through controlling,metering,communication and optimization technologies,and realizes smooth interactions and optimized operation of source,network,load and storage,which is conducive to the rational and optimal allocation and utilization of resources. The structure,network topology,control strategy and key technologies of the virtual power plant accessed to the power dispatching system are introduced,and the problems in protection configuration,information communication and intelligent terminals are discussed.The improvement measures put forward provide a reference for similar projects.

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    Prediction on the regional carbon emission factor for power generation based on multi-dimensional data and deep learning
    LI Fangyi, LI Nan, ZHOU Yan, XIE Wu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (8): 11-17.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.08.002
    Abstract94)   HTML6)    PDF (1277KB)(394)       Save

    With the support of carbon trading policy, the real-time, accurate and comprehensive measurement on power enterprises' carbon emissions is the basis for structure adjustment, technological innovation, supply and demand side interaction and carbon trading of power generation industry. The calculation and prediction on dynamic carbon emission factors is still limited by the data collection and transmission system. By taking deep learning, a prediction model, called GRU-Attention model, was built by combining dual attention mechanism with traditional Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network. Then, a GRU model, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, a LSTM model based on dual attention mechanism(LSTM-Attention) and a GRU-Attention model were constructed and trained by the power data of Hefei in 2022 and average meteorological data of Hefei, to achieve hourly prediction on carbon emission factor. Comparing the prediction results made by the four models above, it is found that the prediction made by the GRU-Attention model is more accurate than that of the other three models, which can advance the mid- and long-term prediction on carbon emission factor.

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    Modeling and economic benefit analysis of an offshore wind power-underwater compressed air energy storage system
    YU Sixian, ZHOU Yunkang, LIU Leiwei, HE Ting
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (10): 71-82.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.10.010
    Abstract71)   HTML1)    PDF (1254KB)(386)       Save

    On the path of dual carbon target, developing new energy, such as solar power and wind power, is the inevitable approach to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the energy industry in China. But the volatility and randomness of wind energy will threat the stability and security of power grids. Thus, energy storage technology is applied in combination with wind power in practical applications, to smooth the power output from wind farms and alleviate the impact on power grids. The model of an offshore wind power-underwater compressed air energy storage system is established and simulated. The energy efficiency and economic benefit of the system are analyzed by combining random probability calculation and real data fitting. The results show that under volatile wind speeds, power generation rate and theoretical average return of the system can reach 65% and 11 675 yuan/d, respectively, and the total profit of the system can be 13.46 million yuan in its 20-year service life.

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    Research on the implementation path of the transition from dual control on energy consumption to dual control on carbon emission
    XIE Dian, GAO Yajing, LU Xinbo, LIU Tianyang, ZHAO Liang, ZHAO Yong
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (7): 73-80.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.07.009
    Abstract220)   HTML2)    PDF (1286KB)(365)       Save

    China has proposed the stimulations for the quick transformation from dual control on energy consumption to dual control on carbon emission which consists of total volume and emission intensity, but problems on how to formulate policies scientifically and reasonably and how to implement them effectively need to be deeply studied. Based on the analysis on the current situation of the total amount and intensity of domestic carbon emission' from energy consumption, the connotation and implementation of the dual control on energy consumption in different times are expounded. Taking economic and social development level, energy consumption mix, carbon emission sources and development status of green technology into consideration, the necessity and challenges of the transformation from dual control on energy consumption to dual control on carbon emission sre analyzed, and measures and suggestions to promote the transformation are put forward from three aspects: accounting system, implementation path and implementation stage. Finally, the impact of the carbon emission dual control policy on China's energy and power consumption are studied, and the coping strategies of power generation enterprises are put forward from five aspects, green transition of coal-fired power enterprises, development of non-fossil energy, application of carbon-negative technology, strengthening carbon asset management and cultivation talents specializing in carbon neutrality.

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    Review on electric energy substitution of agricultural energy internet in the context of carbon neutrality
    BAI Jiahao, FU Xueqian
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2022, 44 (6): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2022.06.001
    Abstract551)   HTML8)    PDF (3503KB)(358)       Save

    With the development of agricultural energy internet,replacing fuel with electricity for agriculture production has been taken as an important technical rout to realize carbon peaking and carbon neutrality since it is able to realize carbon emission reduction and improve environmental quality. Based on the enormous load data of modern agricultural industry, the potential of electric energy substitution in agriculture production is analyzed. Then, a low-carbon agricultural system which integrates distributed renewable energy with agriculture production is proposed. The system can control the growth of crops intelligently by digital twin technology, and virtual power plants for agricultural parks can alleviate the impact brought by new energy fluctuation. The agricultural park with the system is of a higher energy utilization efficiency and favorable economic benefits, which is a clean, low carbon and efficient development rout for agricultural energy internet.

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    Research and application of heat pump technology in integrated energy systems
    SUN Jian, WANG Yinwu, WU Kexin, TAO Jianlong, QIN Yu
    Integrated Intelligent Energy    2023, 45 (4): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.04.001
    Abstract266)   HTML12)    PDF (1697KB)(354)       Save

    In the context of "dual carbon", integrated energy systems are continuously promoting the technological reforms in the fields of flexible renewable energy consumption, low-carbon heating and cooling, industrial waste heat utilization and flexible and coordinated peak shaving for the power grid. Heat pumps are widely used in integrated energy systems because of their high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. Being the energy supply or energy storage unit in an integrated energy system, heat pumps can be divided into four categories according to their energy sources, air source, water source, soil source and waste heat recovery heat pumps. Heat pumps can be heat (cold) storage and electricity storage units according to their functions. Heat pumps can facilitate the low-carbon and high-efficiency operation of the system, but arise problems from energy coupling and optimal operation. Finally, the development trend of heat pumps in integrated energy systems is prospected.

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